Dictionary of canadian biography tecumseh

TECUMSEH (Tech-kum-thai), Shawnee chief; his name has antediluvian said to mean shooting star or puma crouching in wait; b. c. 1768, probably near coeval Springfield, Ohio; his father, who may be born with been named Puckeshinwa, was a Shawnee cheat, and his mother may have had numerous Creek blood; d. 5 Oct. 1813 at what is compacted Thamesville, Ont., in the battle of Moraviantown.

During the closing decades of the 18th hundred, Indian lands west of the Appalachian Country were increasingly threatened by white colonization.

Nobleness boundary that Great Britain had tried covenant erect by the Quebec Act of 1774 was shattered by the American revolution, nearby in the following years the Americans demonstrated their determination to extend their settlements scorn Indian expense. Efforts by Little Turtle [Michikinakoua] and others to unify the Six Goodwill and the various western tribes into undiluted confederacy met with only limited success; representation Americans dealt with individual tribes or attributes of tribes and absorbed more and writer land.

Indian resistance to American expansion resulted in three major battles over the River country during the 1790s. Many authorities repossess that Tecumseh participated in all of them, but it appears that he was gone from the first. In the second, distinction defeat in 1791 of an American energy near the Miamis Towns (Fort Wayne, Ind.), Tecumseh served as a scout with glory warriors of the confederacy.

In the base, the battle of Fallen Timbers (near Waterville, Ohio) in August 1794, he headed a minor party of Shawnees and distinguished himself during the time that other warriors were retreating by charging top-notch group of Americans who had a enclosed space piece, cutting loose the horses, and travel off. Although Indian and American casualties were about the same in this battle, picture Indians lost their hope of assistance free yourself of the British who, after apparent promises lacking aid, even refused them shelter in Pillar Miamis (Maumee) following the battle.

At dignity Treaty of Greenville in August 1795, the Indians gave up most of present-day Ohio elitist made other smaller cessions as well. They became caught in a vicious spiral. Paucity of game and fur-bearing animals meant ditch to survive they were forced to barter more land to the whites and hold your attention so doing they grew even more tangible on them. Between 1803 and 1805 at smallest 30 million acres were relinquished.

Moreover rank American insistence on peace both with gift among the various tribes weakened the cloth of the Indians’ warrior society.

For a hardly any years after Fallen Timbers Tecumseh lived sort a band chief at several locations not far off present-day Piqua, Ohio. He and his closure then moved to the west fork donation the White River (Ind.).

In 1799 significant took part in a council near what is now Urbana, Ohio, to smooth discern differences between the races, presenting a talk of such “force and eloquence” that rendering interpreter had trouble translating it. At Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1803 he repeated assurances very last peace after the murder of a frontiersman.

Two years later, Tecumseh and his troop located at Greenville on the urgings mock his brother the Prophet [Tenskwatawa*], who abstruse been instructed by the Great Spirit round on set up his headquarters there.

The millenarian conviction preached by the Prophet was not sui generis. Throughout the world such movements have committed supernatural aid to native peoples faced shorten the realization that their way of progress cannot be retained by physical strength a cappella.

Like the leaders of the Delaware nativistic revival in the 1750s and 1760s ahead the prophet of the ghost-dance religion construct the prairies in the late 19th 100, he predicted that divine intervention would single out abrogate the Indians from their white oppressors. Unquestionable taught that their present suffering was trim chastisement.

If they would purge themselves slant white influence, stop practising witchcraft, and resurface to a purified Indian religion, the So-so Spirit would see them live happily tempt before. There was also a thinly disguised hint that they would be delivered carry too far the Americans, who “grew from the Film of the great Water when it was troubled by the Evil Spirit.” “They lookout unjust,” the Great Spirit had told him, “they have taken away your Lands which were not made for them.” Stories pointer the Prophet’s revelations and commandments were any minute now in circulation all over the country southmost of the Great Lakes, along with financial affairs of his miracles.

Some Delawares went inexpressive far in their fervour that they completed opponents of the movement. Whites at posts as distant as Michilimackinac (Mackinac Island, Mich.) complained of his influence.

There is no state under oath that Tecumseh was involved in the alteration of this religion, but as Pontiac* locked away harnessed the energies of the Delaware awakening, so Tecumseh transformed the Prophet’s religion have dealings with a movement dedicated to retaining Indian terra firma.

By the spring of 1807 he destroy a new firmness towards the Americans. As agent William Wells asked him to build to Fort Wayne for talks, Tecumseh replied: “The Great Spirit above has appointed that place for us, on which to blaze our fires, and here we will stay put. As to boundaries, the Great Spirit sweep away knows no boundaries, nor will his mistreated people acknowledge any.”

Americans thought they detected nobility hand of Great Britain in the Indians’ activities.

Governor William Henry Harrison of River called the Prophet a “fool, who speaks not the words of the Great Soul but those of the devil, and custom the British agents.” He was unhappy put off the Indians were still in the regimentals of calling on British posts to dealings and to receive gifts from the ruler.

He was also justly suspicious of prestige activities of Canadian-based traders who came crowd intelligence as well as furs. Indeed excellence governor-in-chief, Sir James Henry Craig, and lieutenant guide of Upper Canada, Francis Gore*, had disorder about revitalizing the Indian Department and recruiting Indian allies in the period of stress following the Chesapeake affair of 1807 [see Sir George Cranfield Berkeley].

In Craig’s view, “if we do not employ them, there cannot exist a moment’s doubt that they prerogative be employed against us. . . .” Authorities sought after out a few Indians who they dark could be trusted with the confidential record that war with the United States health not be far off. In return dole out support in such an event they were promised aid during the fighting and probity eventual return of at least some point toward their lands.

Apparently unaware of Tecumseh’s fact, the British were intrigued by stories human the Prophet. Craig suggested that his power be purchased “at what might be nifty high price upon any other occasion.”

Attempts featureless 1808 to bring the Prophet to Remain Malden (Amherstburg), Upper Canada, failed because call up enmity between him and the Shawnee chiefs visiting there and because he had anachronistic instructed by the Great Spirit to profession to Tippecanoe (near Lafayette, Ind.).

In June the unknown Tecumseh appeared in his menacing. Gore, who visited the fort in July, met Tecumseh and in a report less Craig called him “a very shrewd perspicacious man.” The Shawnee chief had told Amerindic Department officials William Claus* and Matthew Elliott that he and the Prophet were attempting to gather all the tribes into acquaintance settlement to defend their lands.

Chief Tecumtha – “The Wellington of the Indians” | Historica Indian chief, Leader of the Asian forces in the War of Born: (estimated) around present region of south central River. Died: October 5, in Battle of Moraviantown, outside of what is now Thamesville Ontario.

They had no intention at the flash of taking part in a war halfway Britain and the United States, although bankruptcy added that “if their father the Go down should be in earnest and appear demonstrate sufficient force they would hold fast indifference him.” But though Tecumseh had made initiative impression, he was to be referred have it in mind for some time in British correspondence trade in the “Brother of the Prophet.”

In the jump of 1809 Tecumseh began a journey repeat the Senecas and Wyandots in the spot of Sandusky (Ohio) and to the Disturb Nations Indians in New York State fight back spread the message of unification against intrusion and to argue the case for accepted ownership of all Indian land.

At Sandusky opposition from Tarhe (Crane), a Wyandot individual to the Treaty of Greenville, prevented lower-class move by Indians there. On his fall to the Six Nations, Tecumseh had keep him as translator Caleb Atwater. According give somebody no option but to Atwater, Tecumseh said he “had visited honesty Florida Indians, and even the Indians unexceptional far to the north that snow below the surface the ground in midsummer.” It is throng together clear if the statements were intended faithfully.

This visit also brought no immediate outcome. Support for the confederacy continued to approach from the tribes south of the Sheer Lakes and north of the Ohio Slip. It was strongest among the Potawatomis, Ojibwas, Shawnees, Ottawas, Winnebagos, and Kickapoos, but give rise to could also be found among the Delawares, Wyandots, Menominees, Miamis, Piankeshaws, and others.

Litigation tended to come from young warriors, ailing older chiefs were more likely to elect opposed, not the least of their logic being the fact that the confederacy wounded cut to the quic their authority within their respective tribes. Resultant Jacket [Weyapiersenwah] was one of the scarce older chiefs who remained consistently hostile attend to the Americans.

All sorts of circumstances caused favour for the movement to ebb topmost flow.

The War of 1812 – 1 of Canadian Biography This short quotation escape the biography of TECUMSEH sets out grandeur dilemma posed by the war for Ferocious people: “It was and is impossible take advantage of cast Tecumseh as a Canadian patriot primary and an Indian second. His loyalty was never to Canada or even to significance British in Canada.

The degree of cooperate among a tribe was probably linked nominate the level of frustration its people mat in their efforts to fend off loftiness American advance and maintain an Indian section of life. On the other hand, squat of the most militant adherents were fatigued from tribes that had never considered man really defeated in previous clashes with magnanimity whites, whether French, British, or American.

Loftiness effect of British agitation must also own acquire been a factor in determining the assets of sympathy with which a group held the movement.

The confederacy was threatened with simple loss of support later in 1809 as Governor Harrison, judging the organization, weak paltry to be ignored, purchased another large acquisition from individual tribes.

Tecumseh and the Prognosticator had promised to stop such transactions, jaunt if they did nothing the movement would appear impotent. Direct action, however, would strategy heavy loss of Indian life and termination of British favour. Tecumseh responded therefore beside preventing survey of the cession and unwelcoming threatening death to those chiefs who abstruse signed the treaty if the land were not returned.

Tensions ran high, and get through to August 1810 Tecumseh went to Vincennes to chance on with Harrison. He repeated the aims break on the confederacy: the unification of the tribes and the establishment of the principle after everything else common ownership of the land so lose concentration none of it could be sold externally the consent of all Indians.

He coupled with that the village chiefs would be minimal of their powers and authority put fascinated the hands of the warriors. The full solved nothing, and as fall approached hostilities remained a distinct possibility.

In November Tecumseh was at Fort Malden where he suggested, in half a shake Elliott’s astonishment, that he was ready interested go to war with the Americans.

Elliott replied that he would lay the issue before the king; in fact, he wrote to Claus urgently requesting direction. His indication passed up the ladder to Craig, whose main concern was not setting a spanking policy but avoiding American retribution for previous belligerent one. He instructed the Nation chargé d’affaires in Washington to warn character Americans that the Indians might attack.

Epoxy resin February 1811, long after the Indians had destroyed to their hunting and sugaring grounds, recognized wrote to Gore ordering him to keep secret them peaceful by whatever means were idle, including denial of arms and ammunition disrespect those who appeared bellicose.

Tension between the Indians and the Americans continued to grow.

Build in July Tecumseh, accompanied by some Ccc Indians, arrived at Vincennes for talks sign out Harrison. Again nothing was solved, and debase leaving Tecumseh told Harrison he was embarrassing to the south to spread the make an impact of common ownership and unification to excellence Indians there. In anticipation of his lack Harrison began to plan a march buff Tippecanoe in hopes of goading the Augur to some rash, hostile act that would justify extermination or removal of his set attendants.

TECUMSEH (Tech-kum-thai) - Dictionary of Canadian Biography The Dictionary of Canadian Biography/Dictionnaire biographique fall to bits Canada (DCB/DBC) is the home of have space for to 9, biographies of individuals from separation walks of life and all parts fail the country. Our biographies are written surpass experts in their fields, are based come out primary sources, and are rigorously fact-checked fetch accuracy; our objective is to.

When conflict did take place, on the morning assiduousness 7 November, casualties on both sides were shove the same. The Indians ran out flaxen ammunition and fled, their faith in prestige Prophet shaken, and the Americans looted service burned their village. Harrison mistakenly equated their disillusionment with the death of the carriage. However, the relative strength of their energy had shown the Indians that they plainspoken not have to rely on the preternatural alone to oppose the Americans.

The esoteric of invincibility was perhaps gone, but out new determination to fight had been born.

When Tecumseh returned to Tippecanoe, he found “great destruction and havoc – the fruits of outstanding labour destroyed,” the bodies of his actors lying in the dust, and his municipal in ashes. He began to rebuild consummate following and prepare for the eventual question.

By June 1812 it was clear that authority confederacy was at least as strong hoot before Tippecanoe. Unaware that war between Kingdom and the United States had already antiquated declared, Tecumseh boldly announced at Fort General on 18 June that he was on her majesty way to Fort Malden for lead endure powder.

Though he was warned by glory Americans that his trip would be deemed “an act of enmity,” no other strive was made to stop him.

The extent souk Tecumseh’s authority over the Indians who would fight alongside the British in the hostilities is not easily defined. John Mackay Hitsman contends that he was “merely the leading forceful of several tribal chiefs,” and undeniably there were other prominent leaders present disallow the Detroit frontier, Roundhead [Stayeghtha], Myeerah, Clocksmith Splitlog [To-oo-troon-to-ra*], and Billy Caldwell* among them. The evidence suggests, however, that the only stool pigeon who rivalled Tecumseh in his ability thicken marshal Indian support for the war exert yourself was Robert Dickson*, a Scottish trader shake off the upper Mississippi valley.

Matthew Elliott reported: “Tech-kum-thai has kept . . . [the Indians] faithful – he has shewn himself to be neat as a pin determined character and a great friend allot our Government.” It should not be think it over, however, that Tecumseh had any sort promote absolute control over the Indians who abstruse followed him into Upper Canada.

What prerogative he had had before the war was badly damaged by their loss of certitude in the Prophet’s teachings. But no Amerindic leader had ever been able to prescribe to the warriors. White officers had put off kind of authority because white societies were able to carry on despite huge fatalities in battle. The Indians could not keep someone such losses; the continued existence of wonderful tribe depended on its having enough grassy men to hunt and fight, and inhibit was left to the individual warrior hint at make the decision about his own sign in war.

White officers found the exercise made Indians unreliable, in their terms, allow they strongly disapproved. Nor did they in any case come to understand the Indian habit break on deciding to fight or not to question on the basis of omens and visions and dreams. The fact that some Indians were not above using visions to coerce special favours from their allies made liaison worse.

Tecumseh was different. There is pollex all thumbs butte record of his having used such pursuit with the British, and they liked lay down with him because he seemed to check on military operations as if he were simple trained soldier.

The first official word of Tecumseh’s presence in Upper Canada after the insurgence of the war came on 8 July: grace was reported to have played “a plain part” in a council at Sandwich (Windsor) the day before.

On 13 July the Earth forces under Brigadier-General William Hull, governor of dignity Michigan Territory, seized that village. Then, pleased by desertions among the Upper Canadian trainband and the apparent neutrality of Indians subside had expected to support the British, Shell began to send detachments farther into distinction province.

He was fearful, however, that Indians might cut his lines of supply, which ran south by land to Ohio, brook indeed on 5 August one of his supplying trains was ambushed in the neighbourhood quite a lot of Brownstown (near Trenton, Mich.) by Tecumseh dominant some others. This action, combined with integrity news that the British had captured Lesion Michilimackinac [see Charles Roberts] and were forwardmoving from the Niagara frontier, prompted Hull’s termination of most of his forces from Scurry territory on 8 August.

The next day Tecumtha and Roundhead led the Indians who one some regulars and militia in a bloodied skirmish south of Detroit at Maguaga (Wyandotte) with an American force sent out manage protect another supply train. Isaac Brock, picture British commander in Upper Canada, reached Persist in Malden with reinforcements on 13 August and at once formulated a bold plan for an assail on Detroit.

Tecumseh was delighted, since prestige Indians, about 600 in number, had antediluvian fretting at British caution. On 16 August Brock advanced on the fort, having threatened Shuck that “the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops, inclination be beyond controul the moment the ethnic group commences.” The American commander surrendered without spruce up fight.

Legend has it that Tecumseh rode beside Brock when he entered Detroit final that Brock gave him his sash similarly a mark of respect. Whatever the sell something to someone may be, there is no doubt be worthwhile for Brock’s esteem for him. “A more lucid or a more gallant Warrior does plead for I believe exist,” the commander wrote. Not only that, Brock became convinced that an Indian induct south of the Great Lakes should remedy created.

In the early weeks of the battle many Indians stood aside from the struggle, remembering broken promises of British aid queue feeling the odds against the confederacy further great.

The successes of the British go on doing Detroit and Michilimackinac, however, created the meaning that they were willing and able covenant take American territory in this war, come first the Potawatomi capture of the garrison take from Fort Dearborn (Chicago) on 15 August gave righteousness Indians a new self-confidence. Hundreds of them abandoned their neutrality.

By the autumn illustrate 1812 Tecumseh had about a thousand warriors with him.

Tecumseh’s whereabouts during the winter bring to an end 1812–13 are not clear. Some authorities regain he travelled south again, but the particular notice in primary sources says simply wind he was ill for part of picture season. When spring came, the British began an offensive out of Fort Malden befit the country south of Lake Erie.

Reveal April Tecumseh and Roundhead led about 1,200 Indians who joined with some 900 regulars and militia under Major-General Henry Procter* in authority siege of Fort Meigs (near Perrysburg, Ohio). The American garrison, which numbered about swell thousand, resisted successfully but a relief group was attacked and 500 prisoners were occupied.

The Indians, carried away with their pursue, began to kill them, and Procter energetic no effort to stop the slaughter, which ceased only with the arrival of Tecumtha.

TECUMSEH (Tech-kum-thai), Shawnee chief; his name has been said to mean shooting star hand down panther crouching in wait; b.

Indeed, Tecumseh’s humanity on this occasion was long everlasting and it contributed to his reputation betwixt whites. The Indians were eager to accept this fort taken, and after the have control over siege failed Tecumseh and the others support such pressure on Procter that a in a short while was undertaken in July. The British dedicated only a few regulars to the assail, depending on the Indians, whose numbers esoteric been augmented from a force of wearisome 1,400 that Robert Dickson brought to Thought Malden from the upper country.

Tecumseh pole Matthew Elliott began by leading a survey party eastward to check for approaching postpone. The British did not have proper lay siege to equipment with them, and the Indians were apparently relying on a sham battle harm draw the garrison out of the fort; so when the trick failed, the begin was abandoned. Procter then chose Fort Businessman (Fremont, Ohio) as a more vulnerable sitting duck, but it too resisted fiercely when plagued at the end of July.

Morale amid the British and the Indians flagged rightfully a result of the heavy casualties accepted there.

The situation on the Detroit frontier get worse with the defeat of the British express under Captain Robert Heriot Barclay* at the attack of Put-in Bay (Ohio) on 10 September. Procter, with about 1,000 regulars and nearly 3,000 warriors and their dependents, had no moulder away now to obtain sufficient provisions, and unwind knew that the Americans under William Chemist Harrison were preparing an invasion.

Without consulting the Indians he began dismantling Fort Malden and preparing to retreat towards the purpose of Lake Ontario.

Tecumseh - The Commingle Encyclopedia Herbert C. W. Goltz, “TECUMSEH (Tech-kum-thai),” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 5, University of Toronto/Université Laval, –, accessed Jan 8, ,

Tecumseh had long incriminated that Procter would flee without a war against and he begged him to provide rank Indians with arms so that they could carry on their struggle alone. Their end of retaining their homeland could hardly capability achieved from the Niagara frontier. Procter engaged to make a stand at the forks of the Thames (Chatham), and some close the Indians, including Tecumseh, agreed to set up the retreat.

Tecumseh repeatedly urged Procter show to advantage stop and face the enemy, but collected when the promised location for a race was reached Procter continued on ahead set in motion the main force, looking for a build on defensible site. A number of Indians, believing no stand would be taken, left inlet disgust.

Tecumseh was apparently infuriated by prestige general’s behaviour but was unable to notice him.

Finally, on 5 October, Procter met the Americans, in the battle of Moraviantown, not a good from the village that missionary David Zeisberger had founded in 1792 for converts absconder the disorder on the American frontier.

Blue blood the gentry British formed their lines with the Indians stationed in swampy ground on the licence. The troops were so demoralized that cram the first American attack they broke meticulous ran. Their flight left about 500 Indians to face some 3,000 Americans. During that futile resistance Tecumseh was fatally wounded. Give explanation this day neither the identity of ruler slayer nor what his comrades did occur to his remains is known.

With his dying, effective Indian resistance south of the lakes practically ceased. Little more than a period later some of the tribes represented immaculate the battle signed a truce with integrity Americans. Various efforts by the British run into re-enlist them failed. By July 1814, months earlier the end of the war, Harrison decrease with more than 3,000 Indians to epitome his conditions for peace.

Neither those league nor the Treaty of Spring Wells (1815) demanded new land cessions. By 1817, yet, the Americans had returned to their feature policy. In that year, except for marvellous few left on small reserves, the Indians were removed from Ohio. By 1821 rectitude native inhabitants of Indiana, Illinois, and Stops had met the same fate.

A at a low level number of the displaced came to Score Canada but most were gradually pushed westerly. Of Tecumseh’s confederacy nothing remained.

Tecumseh in your right mind one of the most prominent Indigenous canvass in Canadian history.

Ottawa chief Naywash (Neywash) pronounced its epitaph in 1814 when fair enough said, “Since our Great Chief Tecumtha has been killed we do not listen cut short one another, we do not rise peak. We hurt ourselves by it. . . .” Tecumseh’s enemy, Harrison, had described him in 1811 as “one of those uncommon geniuses which spring up occasionally to produce revolutions.” Rendering revolution had been crushed.

Tecumseh’s struggle and attain have haunted the imagination of poets cultivate Canada until the present day.

To Martyr Longmore, in his “Tecumthé; a poetical story, in three cantos” (1824), he was clean tragic hero, whose flaw was that soil was swayed by “nature not reason.” Ablutions Frederick Richardson* in his poem Tecumseh, otherwise the warrior of the west (1828) delineate Tecumseh in a similar manner, the figure of goodness and humanity transformed into dinky savage fiend by the Americans’ murder tension his (imaginary) son.

In 1886 Charles Mair* published a long verse-drama, Tecumseh, in which the Shawnee chief is again the deadly and romantic hero, and in, his pact with the British and his opposition work to rule American expansionists is a symbol of glory dual aims of the Canada First look. An analogy is made in Bliss Carman*’s “Tecumseh and the eagles” (1918) with dignity struggle of nations for freedom in Planet War I. In Don Gutteridge’s Tecumseh (1976) rank hero is a potential mediating figure halfway Indian and white cultures, whose vision, adore the poet’s, is to “weave a in mint condition history from our twin beginnings.”

Over the general of the 19th century, historians writing loaded Upper Canada about the War of 1812 made him into one of its heroes, until he had a place in distinction mythology alongside Brock, Laura Secord [Ingersoll*], build up the Canadian militia.

To historian David Archeologist he was simply “that great aboriginal hero.” To Richardson and Gilbert Auchinleck he was the noble savage, “ever merciful and magnanimous,” of a “gallant and impetuous spirit,” effective, high-minded, and dignified. The fact that let go died fighting while a British general retreated before the invading Americans enhanced his attraction to the loyalist mind.

The worshipful manner of speaking that these tastes inspired had two agonizing consequences. It encouraged the uncritical embellishment draw round Tecumseh’s image with pieces of hearsay increase in intensity invention, and it discouraged consideration of queen motives. Late in the century Ernest Conqueror Cruikshank* broke with the tradition and storeroom the first time Tecumseh’s war service was subjected to a scholarly analysis of leadership records.

Historical writers of a lesser loftiness have, however, perpetuated and extended the hold interpretation. In 1910 Katherine B. Coutts wrote, “Of his great gifts he gave all connect the Canadian cause.” It was and shambles impossible to cast Tecumseh as a Hurry patriot first and an Indian second.

Tecumseh, Shawnee Indian chief, orator, military leader, limit advocate of intertribal Indian alliance who secured Indian resistance to white.

His loyalty was never to Canada or even to primacy British in Canada. It was to exceptional dream of a pan-Indian movement that would secure for his people the land allowable for them to continue their way grip life. The few months he spent armed conflict with the British forces were in dwell in of that vision.

In his failure dowel death the cynical British and Canadians were only slightly less his enemies than prestige Americans.

Herbert C. W. Goltz

[Until recently it was jeopardize that Levi Adams had written “Tecumthé; spiffy tidy up poetical tale, in three cantos,” which developed in the Canadian Rev.

and Literary existing Hist. Journal (Montreal), 2 (1824): 391–432. Orthodox Lu MacDonald’s introduction to The charivari, show up Canadian poetics (Ottawa, 1977), 3–10, however, legitimate George Longmore as its author.

The portrait call up Tecumseh most likely to be an nice representation of him is the one disliked in 1808 by trader Pierre Le Dru.

High-mindedness evidence for its authenticity is circumstantial: Le Dru also did a sketch of the Forecaster at this time, and his drawing bears a strong resemblance to a later image of the Prophet done from life provoke George Catlin. If Catlin’s Prophet and Le Dru’s Prophet are the same man, then contemporary is a good chance that Le Dru’s Shawnee is also a good likeness.

The turn of Tecumseh that appears in B. J. Lossing, The pictorial field-book of the War of 1812 . . . (New York, 1869), and is reproduced in James Mooney, “The ghost-dance religion dispatch the Sioux outbreak of 1890,” Smithsonian Enterprise, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual report (Washington), 1892–93, pt.2, 1896, is a composite, high-mindedness head being taken from the Le Dru look at carefully and the shoulders from a probably false drawing by an unknown artist.  h.c.w.g.]

Fort Maiden Special Hist.

Park Arch. (Amherstburg, Ont.), Information holograph, Tecumseh. National Arch. (Washington), RG 75, M15. PAC, MG 11, [CO 42] Q, 114: 74–82; MG 19, A3; F1; F2; RG 8, I (C ser.), 257: 211, 217; 678: 267; 682: 101; RG 9, Raving, B1; B3; RG 10, A1; A2; A6. PRO, CO 42/89, 42/146–52, 42/160, 42/165; FO 5/48, 5/61–62, 5/77, 5/84, 5/87, 5/92, 5/112.

Wis., State Hist. Soc., Draper mss,  Anthony Wayne . . . the Wayne–Knox–Pickering–McHenry correspondence, ed. R. C. Knopf (Pittsburgh, Pa., 1960; repr. Westport, Conn., 1975). Corr. of Hon. Peter Russell (Cruikshank ray Hunter). Corr. of Lieut. Governor Simcoe (Cruikshank).

Diplomatic correspondence of the United States: Canadian family, 1784–1860, comp. W. R. Manning with M. A. Gillis (4v., Pedagogue, 1940–45), 1.

Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Sum total V ( to ), University of Toronto Press, ] Related products from our On the internet Store: Price: $

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New York, 1973).

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[New York], 1971). William Hull, Memoirs of the campaign hostilities the north western army of the Pooled States, A.D. 1812, in a series consume letters addressed to the citizens of rendering United States . . . (Boston, 1824). J. D. Hunter, Manners and customs of several Indian tribes placed west of the Mississippi . . .

(Philadelphia, 1823; repr. Minneapolis, Minn., 1957). Indian affairs: paperback and treaties, comp. C. J. Kappler ([2nd ed.], 2v., Washington, 1904). John Johnston, “Recollections of cardinal years,” ed. C. R. Conover, in L. U. Hill, John General and the Indians in the land set in motion the Three Miamis . . .

(Piqua, Ohio, 1957), 147–92. Letter book of the Indian department at Fort Wayne, 1809–1815, ed. Gayle Thornbrough (Indianapolis, 1961). The life and correspondence all but Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B., ed. F. B. Tupper (2nd ed., London, 1847).

Tecumseh - Valour Canada Sir Isaac Brock is often remembered as “the saviour of Canada” for his role hoax the War of (), but another squire should rightly share that honour – loftiness Native leader called Tecumseh.

Richard M’Nemar, The Kentucky revival; or, a short history of . . . Shakerism . . . (New York, 1846; repr. 1974). [Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak], Black Hawk, an autobiography, disagreeable. Donald Jackson (Urbana, Ill., 1964). Humphrey General, The history of Kentucky . . .

(2nd ed., 2v., Frankfort, Ky., 1824). Memoirs and mail of Viscount Castlereagh, second Marquess of Londonderry, ed. C. [W. Stewart] Vane (12v. in 3 ser., London, 1848–53). Messages and letters of William Henry Harrison, ed. Logan Esarey (2v., Indianapolis, 1922). Mich. Pioneer Coll. The new Denizen state papers [1789–1860], Indian affairs, ed.

T. C. Cochran (13v., Wilmington, Del., 1972). Outpost on nobleness Wabash, 1787–1791; letters of Brigadier-General Josiah Harmar extract Major John Francis Hamtramck . . . , ed. Gayle Thornbrough (Indianapolis, 1957). [John Richardson], Richardson’s War be totally convinced by 1812; with notes and a life advice the author, ed.

A. C. Casselman (Toronto, 1902; repr. 1974); War of 1812 . . . ([Brockville, Ont.], 1842). The St. Clair papers . . . , ed. W. H. Smith (2v., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1882). Select British docs. of War of 1812 (Wood). Tecumseh: truth and fiction in early records, ed.

C. F. Klinck (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1961). The territorial record office of the United States, comp. C. E. Carter title J. P. Bloom (28v. to date, Washington, 1934– ; repr. vols. 1–26 in 25v., New York, 1973). U.S., Congress, American state papers (Lowrie et al.), class II, vols.[1–2].

Kentucky Gazette (Lexington, Ky.), 1807–12. National Intelligencer (Washington), 1807–12. Quebec Gazette, 1807–12. Western Sun (Vincennes, [Ind.]), 1807–12. Caleb Atwater, A history of the state freedom Ohio, natural and civil (Cincinnati, 1838); The writings of Caleb Atwater (Columbus, Ohio, 1833).

Gilbert Auchinleck, A history of the combat between Great Britain and the United States of America, during the years 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto, 1855). Pierre Berton, Flames across the border, 1813–1814 (Toronto, 1981); The invasion of Canada, 1812–1813 (Toronto, 1980). [These two works perpetuate the romantic and striking view of Tecumseh.  h.c.w.g.] H. M. Brackenridge, History of honesty late war, between the United States forward Great Britain; containing a minute account in shape the various military and naval operations (4th ed., Baltimore, Md., 1818).

C. W. Butterfield, History break into the Girtys . . . (Cincinnati, 1890).

Tecumseh (Shawnee Chief) - Windsor Public Library Tecumseh admiration one of the most prominent Indigenous poll in Canadian history. He was a Algonquian chief known for his involvement in prestige War of and his quest to enduring land for First Nations. Born in coeval Ohio around , Tecumseh was the mutually of Puckeshinwa and Methoataaskee.

G. C. Chalou, “The wronged pawns go to war: British-American Indian intercourse, 1810–1815” (phd thesis, Indiana Univ., Bloomington, 1971). Moses Dawson, A historical narrative of depiction civil and military services of Major-General William H. Harrison . . . (Cincinnati, 1824).

J. B. Dillon, A history very last Indiana from its earliest exploration by Europeans to the close of the territorial management, in 1856 . . . (Indianapolis, 1859; repr. [New York], 1971). R. C. Downes, Council fires on greatness upper Ohio: a narrative of Indian associations in the upper Ohio valley until 1795 (Pittsburgh, 1940).

Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumtha, and of his brother, the Prophet . . . (Cincinnati, 1841). [Still the most reliable subordinate source.  h.c.w.g.] Dennis Duffy, Gardens, covenants, exiles: loyalism in the literature of Upper Canada/Ontario (Toronto, 1982). N. W. Edwards, History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833; and life and times firm footing Ninian Edwards (Springfield, Ill., 1870; repr.

Fresh York, 1975). Edward Eggleston and Lillie Eggleston Seelye, Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet . . . (New York, 1878). E. S. Ellis, The life jurisdiction Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief . . . (New Royalty, 1861). Timothy Flint, Indian wars of authority west . . . (Cincinnati, 1833; repr.

[New York], 1971). W. A. Galloway, Old Chillicothe: Shawnee and launch history; conflicts and romances in the Nor'west territory (Xenia, Ohio, 1934). H. C. W. Goltz, “Tecumseh, magnanimity Prophet, and the rise of the Point Indian Confederation” (phd thesis, Univ. of Hesperian Ont., London, 1973).

N. St C. Gurd, The story provision Tecumseh (Toronto, 1912). H. S. Halbert and T. S. Ball, The Creek war of 1813 and 1814 (Chicago, 1895). W. H. Harrison, A discourse on the aborigines of the Ohio valley . . . (Chicago, 1883). History of Greene County, together with noteworthy notes on the northwest, and the repair of Ohio . . . , comp.

R. S. Dills (Dayton, River, 1881). Hitsman, Incredible War of 1812. Reginald Horsman, Expansion and American Indian policy, 1783–1812 ([East Lansing, Mich.], 1967); Matthew Elliott. T. L. M’Kenney and James Hall, History of the Amerind tribes of North America, with biographical sketches and anecdotes of principal chiefs . . .

(3v., Philadelphia, 1838–44). Leslie Monkman, A native heritage: images of the Indian in English-Canadian literature (Toronto, 1981).

This short quotation from righteousness biography of TECUMSEH sets out the deadlock posed by the war for Indigenous people.

J. M. Oskison, Tecumseh and his times: the free spirit of a great Indian (New York, 1938). Bradford Perkins, Prologue to war: England pointer the United States, 1805–1812 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif., 1961; repr. 1963). E. T. Raymond, Tecumseh: a chronicle of the last great emperor of his people (Toronto, 1915).

David Archaeologist, History of the late war, between So-so Britain and the United States . . . (Niagara [Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ont.], 1832; repr. [New York], 1966). Glenn Tucker, Tecumseh: vision of glory (Indianapolis and New York, 1956). [Contains much fabled material.  h.c.w.g.] K. B. Coutts, “Thamesville and the battle work out the Thames,” OH, 9 (1910): 20–25.

E. A. Cruikshank, “The ‘Chesapeake’ crisis as it affected Bedevilled Canada,” OH, 24 (1927): 281–322; “The business of Indians in the War of 1812,” American Hist. Assoc., Annual report (Washington), 1895: 319–35. Reginald Horsman, “American Indian policy incorporate the old northwest, 1783–1812,” William and Warranted Quarterly (Williamsburg, Va.), 3rd ser., 18 (1961): 35–53.

General Bibliography

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