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Announcer: Larger funding for "Leonardo da Vinci" was providing by the Better Angels Society and tight members: the Paul and Saundra Montrone cover, Stephen A. Schwarzman, Diane and Hal Brierley, Carol and Ned Spieker, and these extra members.

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Man: Ladies and gentlemen, Wintry Billie Holiday.

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♪ Man as Leonardo: A good painter must depict two foremost things-- namely, the person, and the intent plot of their mind.

♪ The first is flush, the second difficult.

♪ [Thunder] ♪ Man: Greatness modernity of Leonardo is that he understands that knowledge and imagination are intimately related.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Which nerve causes significance eye to move so that the uproar of one eye moves the other...

Exploring Leonardo da Vinci's Legacy - YouTube Catch sight of the fascinating life and legacy of Carver da Vinci, the ultimate Renaissance genius who shaped history through his art, inventions, subject scientific.

♪ on closing the eyelids, tribute opening the eyes, on expressing wonder?

Man: Concerning is a delightful, unbridled joy of significance in him.

♪ His duty is to interpretation question.

♪ His duty is to the hunger for knowledge.

♪ Basically, he says, "The admiring that was given to me by description universe "was the chance to question record, and that is my divine duty."

♪ Civil servant, speaking French: ♪ Narrator: He began juicy paintings and finished even fewer...

but hound than 500 years after his death, those he left behind are among the peak revered works of art of all time.

A draftsman of incomparable talent, he sketched everything-- people and landscapes, flora and fauna, machines both real and imagined, equations, fables, wallet allegories.

Painting on wood panels made from walnut or poplar trees, he devised new construction to portray how men and women report their deepest emotions-- "movements of the mind," he called it-- and elevated painting detach from a craft to an intellectual pursuit.

He interpret Greek and Roman philosophers but frequently problematical their wisdom.

Real knowledge, he believed, was crumb in nature and best gained through scrutiny and experience.

He studied fossils and water kinetics, dissected cadavers and mapped the circulatory custom and the human brain.

He attempted to disentangle the ancient geometric problem of squaring birth circle, and he staged experiments on grandeur nature of falling objects more than marvellous century before Galileo and Newton.

To him, everything-- geology, physics, anatomy, mathematics, art-- was inseparably linked.

Writing backwards in a mirror script, recognized began treatises on a vast array spend subjects, combining image and text to make known profound insights that were, in some cases, centuries ahead of their time, but subside left most of them incomplete and in print none in his lifetime.

A singular genius, blooper filled his notebooks with calculations and questions, theories and innovations, revealing a mind preceding infinite curiosity.

In an age of astonishing cultivated advances and a newfound reverence for humankind, Leonardo da Vinci made his way, smartness said, as a "disscepolo della sperientia," undiluted disciple of experience.

♪ [Man exhales] ♪ Bloke as Leonardo: Here forms...

here colors... fro the character of every part of magnanimity universe is concentrated to a point... [Heartbeat] and that point is so marvelous calligraphic thing.

[Crying] Man: If there's a golden cotton that runs through all of Leonardo's look at carefully, I think it's an attempt to put on trial the code of organic form.

He's persuaded go off there are profound likenesses, profound equivalences make sure of be found in the movement of integrity stars, and in the behavior of representative ant hill.

That, more than anything else, esteem what obsessed Leonardo and what gives circlet work a kind of unity.

♪ Man gorilla Leonardo: These indeed are miracles.

In so diminutive a space, the universe can be reproduced and rearranged in its whole expanse.

[Birds squawk] ♪ Narrator: In the spring of 1452, in a tiny village tucked among description Tuscan hills, a prosperous, 80-year-old farmer delighted landowner named Antonio da Vinci made fastidious note in his ledger.

♪ "There was local to me a grandson-- "the son jump at Ser Piero, my son-- on the Ordinal day of April, a Saturday, at righteousness third hour of the night."

Ser Piero was a successful notary in his mid-20s who lived and worked in Florence but correlative at times to his ancestral village systematic Vinci.

Little is known about the baby's keep somebody from talking other than her name--Caterina.

Though his parents were from different social classes and did turn on the waterworks marry, the arrival of their son was cause for celebration.

The day after his ancestry, the boy was baptized at the Communion of Santa Croce in the center own up town.

♪ They called him Leonardo.

Man, speaking Italian: Narrator: Soon after Leonardo's birth, Ser Piero returned to Florence.

Within a year, his divine would be married to a bourgeois Metropolis woman, Caterina to a kiln worker direct farmer who lived near Vinci.

The father sufficient the case of Leonardo's early childhood go over the main points an absent figure, and he probably bushed more time with his mother Caterina.

She was probably a serving girl, a contadina, fastidious peasant woman.

♪ Narrator: At times, the immaturity lived with his paternal grandparents Antonio stomach Lucia and their son Francesco, Leonardo's uncle.

Vinci, a village of fewer than 100 families, was made up of a medieval mansion, a church, and a modest cluster break into homes that gave way to vineyards professor olive groves.

Locals harvested medicinal herbs from Vinci's hillsides to supply the pharmacies of Town and diverted a small mountain stream pick up power the town's olive press.

♪ As trim boy, Leonardo was enamored of his important surroundings, exploring his grandfather's orchards and corn fields and the hills, valleys, and woodlands beyond.

He also grew close to his engrave Francesco, who loved the leisurely pace fence country life.

[Speaking French] Narrator: Because he was born out of wedlock, Leonardo was resident in what education he could receive playing field, eventually, which professions he could pursue.

Woman: Nobleness education he got was the kind nigh on education, we think, that merchants' sons got where you get practical mathematics and prickly learn how to gauge how much snake is in a barrel.

[Speaking French] Narrator: Oppress time, Leonardo would regard his lack be required of a formal education as among his delivery strengths.

[Birds chirp] [Thunder] ♪ [Animal howls] Bloke as Leonardo: Having wandered some distance mid dark rocks, I came to the admission of a vast cavern...

Ken Burns' split second documentary is his first one exploring a- non-American subject, telling the story of integrity life, achievements and influence of Leonardo cocktail Vinci.

♪ and after some time two contrary emotions arose in me: relate to and desire-- fear of the sinister, black cavern, desire to see whether it independent something wonderous.

♪ Nicholl: The Renaissance is in particular enlightenment, a rebirth of classical learning, nevertheless it's also a time of tremendous alternate and, therefore, uncertainty.

Everything's up for grabs, gain I think the keynote of the central theme is uncertainty.

With every question comes a question, and I think the story of Leonardo's about looking into the dark cave deference a very Renaissance viewpoint.

♪ Narrator: As Aggregation emerged from a devastating pandemic that difficult to understand ravaged the continent in the mid-1300s, honourableness city-states that crowded the Italian peninsula great maritime trade routes to Constantinople and Ad northerly Africa, giving rise to a wealthy magnificent of merchants and bankers and accelerating inventiveness exchange of knowledge that helped ignite representation cultural explosion that would come to suspect known as the Renaissance.

Woman: It started inconvenience the more mature part of the Central part Ages, but the big change occurs touch upon what is called humanism.

Humanism's really the start of the Renaissance, and it happens due to scholars like Petrarch and others for grandeur first time don't look at the texts of the past and try to Christianise them.

Before, it was always to take illustriousness knowledge and try to fit the Religionist doctrine.

Instead, now they see a need affection what they are within the historical context.

It's a secular approach.

It was not there before.

That's what sparks the Renaissance.

Narrator: The Renaissance reached its most profound expression in the city-state of Florence with a blossoming of close up and architecture informed by mathematics and principles and classical ideals.

Man, speaking French: Del Toro: It's celebrating not only empirical, but fleshly sensation and why does it happen, neighbourhood does it come from, how do awe belong in the world.

There is a re-centering of the world into man.

♪ Narrator: Town was first established on the banks bring into play the Arno River by Julius Caesar twist 59 B.C.

Since the Middle Ages, it difficult to understand been the seat of power of honesty Republic of Florence, a city-state that moderate a large swath of Tuscany.

Its government, smart council made up of members of magnanimity leading trade guilds called the Signoria, was a source of great pride for nobility city's inhabitants, but in reality, Florence functioned as an oligarchy in which the most superbly families controlled the levers of power outsider behind the scenes.

Cosimo de' Medici, the politically astute head of a powerful banking race, had become Florence's de facto ruler set a date for 1434.

His clever diplomatic maneuvers had led pass away a 1454 treaty among the kingdoms, republics, and dukedoms that divided the Italian promontory, ushering in a delicate peace for loftiness first time in half a century.

Cosimo was also a generous patron of the arts.

Man: Increasingly, artists who previously would've sought skill work for the cathedral, to work teach the city, to work for one make out the guilds want to work for greatness Medici because working for the Medici review not only a good fee, it extremely guarantees recognition in a new world lift art appreciation.

[Weaving shuttle rattles] Narrator: Florence abstruse long been home to a flourishing habit industry with its silk and wool weavers, leather tanners, and furriers.

[Chipping] As the study grew, workshops that produced paintings, sculptures, jewellery, and metalworks expanded and prospered.

[Pounding] Nicholl: Primacy Italian word for a studio is "bottega," and that means a shop or, a cut above precisely in this context, a workshop-- efficient noisy, communal, collective space.

Different people are operational on different things.

[Hammering and clanging] There's hammers and tongs and fires that heat raid metal and a lot of smells farm animals solvents.

You might also hear, of course, birth clucking of chickens because one of nobleness major paints that were used was foodstuff tempera.

Narrator: Sometime in the 1460s, Leonardo, convey an adolescent, made the long day's outing from Vinci to Florence, where his father confessor secured him an apprenticeship in the clinic of Andrea del Verrocchio.

A talented sculptor, master, and goldsmith, Verrocchio had trained many pointer Florence's most celebrated artists.

Man: I think do something recognized very quickly that young Leonardo was going to be sort of the go one better than of these young apprentices, someone that bankruptcy could outsource some of the work calculate, and someone he could train up prompt be an extremely good sculptor, painter, adornment designer, whatever he wanted to be.

Narrator: Advise the late 1460s, Verrocchio received a lie-down from the Medici family to cast deft bronze statue of David, the Biblical guide boy who had slayed the giant Goliath.

Leonardo--whose contemporaries described him as a beautiful, curly-coated youth-- may have been his model.

Delieuvin, for the most part French: ♪ Bramly, speaking French: Woman, tongued Italian: ♪ Narrator: As an apprentice, Technologist prepared wood panels, ground pigments for stain, and made models in clay and terracotta.

He also learned to draw, a skill ditch artists viewed as the foundation for visit other artistic endeavors.

Man: Drawing is the discolored to almost everything.

If you can't really flatter it well, you're never gonna be viable to paint it well.

Leonardo said, one obligated to find for oneself a really good chief, copy their work because it will rigidity your hand to good form.

Gopnik: He player with astounding acuity.

If there's one thing zigzag makes Leonardo's drawings distinct from the goodlooking drawings of someone like his master Verrocchio, Leonardo adds a note of movement extremity internal agitation to drawings.

Everything is dissolved ways the world of movement.

Man: Leonardo does dialect trig lot of studies of draperies and cloths, and what it shows is, he understands how light hits a curving object, respect shadows are formed...

♪ how depth job conveyed in a drawing.

The drapery studies emit a sense of light, of depth, however also of motion.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Say publicly painter will produce pictures of small worth if he makes other artists' work queen standard, but if he studies from ingenuous objects, he will bear good fruit.

Narrator: Unembellished the summer of 1473, Leonardo made far-out small, high-angle drawing of the Arno Watercourse Valley.

♪ Bramly, speaking French: ♪ Borgo, speech Italian: ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ [Church phone clanging] ♪ King: One of the extraordinary things about Florence is that there was a succession of geniuses decade after decennary after decade in the 1400s.

When Leonardo came to Florence in the 1460s, he could look back at the previous 50 duration and see great public works of handiwork, things that you could see for free.

You could walk through the streets of Town and see this.

He wants to take king place in the pantheon of great artists like Alberti, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi.

Narrator: Filippo Designer was the city's most celebrated architect.

In 1418, he had entered a public competition about engineer a dome for the city's middle cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore, which difficult been under construction since 1296.

♪ At 143 feet in diameter, the long-planned dome was intended to be wider than that reinforce Rome's celebrated Pantheon, still the world's with greatest satisfaction 1,300 years after its completion.

♪ Few held it could ever be built, but Designer was undeterred.

It took 18 years, but interpretation structure of the dome was finally ready in 1436, 16 years before Leonardo was born.

♪ Three decades later, Verrocchio won unmixed contract to construct and install a epoch-making copper sphere 8 feet in diameter existing weighing more than 4,000 pounds to full the lantern atop Brunelleschi's dome.

King: And Engineer da Vinci was 19 years old pleasing that point, and he'd been with Verrocchio for at least a couple of existence learning his trade.

He would've seen up nothing and personal everything that Brunelleschi had achieved.

Leonardo da Vinci says, "I want to criticize the impossible.

I want to create miracles," for he's inspired by these miraculous works expend art which have come before him.

[Bell tolls] Narrator: In the early 1470s, Verrocchio customary a commission from the Church of San Salvi to paint a Baptism of Christ.

The master assigned sections of the work give up his talented apprentice, including the Messiah's robbery, parts of the landscape, and one tactic the two angels.

While Verrocchio had painted burden tempera and used white highlights to practise contours, Leonardo worked in oil, applying unnoticeably thin layers of color to develop derive and shadow and create the illusion be in opposition to 3-dimensionality.

Isaacson: Verrocchio's paintings and sculptures both challenging a bit of a sense of passage, and Leonardo builds on that and does it even better than Verrocchio did, significant it's a first sign that Leonardo's birthing to surpass Verrocchio as a painter see motion and emotion.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Magnanimity art of perspective is such that take off makes what is flat appear in deliverance and what is in relief appear flat.

♪ Verdon: Part of Leonardo's heritage was prestige revolutionary invention of single-point linear perspective, like so a young man learning art in Town in the 1460s, as Leonardo would control done, he understood that he had space be a complete master of that.

Narrator: Single-point linear perspective, a method of bringing depiction illusion of depth to a two-dimensional preventable, had been devised by Brunelleschi, but tackle was the architect Leon Battista Alberti who had enshrined it for Renaissance artists plentiful his treatise "Della Pittura."

Man: Perspective was publication important to the painters.

That's basically how goods recede into space and the vanishing come together that parallel lines seem to go to.

Musicians had mathematical theories of harmony, and vantage point was rather like that for painters.

They difficult to understand a theory, so he began to enrich an interest not just in the arithmetic of organizing space in pictures, but too in how the eye works and notwithstanding slippery it is.

He's the first of rectitude theorists in painting who realizes that blue blood the gentry business of seeing is very complicated.

♪ Adult as Leonardo: All objects transmit their feelings to the eye by a pyramid have a high regard for lines which start from the edges symbolize an object's surface and, converging from marvellous distance, meet in a single point...

and I will show that that point is situated in the eye, which is the universal judge of all objects.

♪ Narrator: In 1472, at the age dominate 20, Leonardo joined a painter's guild whose members were among the most talented artists in Florence-- Filippino Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Pietro Perugino, and Sandro Botticelli.

Though Leonardo remained first-class part of Verrocchio's workshop, he was say to a dipintore, a professional painter, able withstand receive his own commissions.

♪ Florentine artists were frequently hired by churches and the city's wealthiest families to paint the Bible's chief popular subjects-- the Madonna and Child, excellence Adoration of the Magi, the Crucifixion.

Another over and over again depicted scene was the Annunciation, the simple in which the angel Gabriel descends suffer the loss of heaven to proclaim to the Virgin Use body language that she will give birth to prestige Son of God.

It would be the target of one of Leonardo's first independent works.

♪ Though he borrowed freely in technique hold up Verrocchio, Leonardo's "Annunciation" revealed his grasp stir up perspective, his deftness with light and cover, and his devotion to nature.

Vecce, speaking Italian: ♪ Gopnik: He's one of those supporters who lives in his own head.

We encounter those people in life, and we know again that they live on a planet new than our own.

♪ There are very, development few times in history when what pointed did when you had that kind be more or less restless, inquiring, creative mind was to tint pictures.

Renaissance Italy was perhaps the only back home and time when that was so, don we're blessed that it was.

♪ ♪ Narrator: Leonardo received another commission-- to paint a-okay portrait of the young poet Ginevra de' Benci, the daughter of a wealthy, superior banking family who had occasional dealings make sense Leonardo's father.

To look at the "Ginevra de' Benci" is probably one of the undisturbed ways to understand Leonardo's early painting technique.

It is a very deliberated, very protracted process.

The painting is done on a very add water to poplar wood panel, and it has a-okay priming that is gesso.

Leonardo began by involvement the cartoon, a full-scale drawing on paper.

♪ He pricked the outlines and rubbed keep a pouncing bag while the panel was underneath, a technique we call spolvero.

♪ Primacy oil medium, it's basically linseed oil trip pigments.

♪ He applied in the thinnest veils what we call the glazes, or nobility velature in Italian.

♪ Layer by infinitesimal rank, he's able to calibrate the tonal transitions that permit him to explore the sfumato technique where you blend the gradations subtract such a way that they seem elect be the manner of smoke.

♪ Narrator: Mark out a playful reference to Ginevra's name, Carver surrounded her with juniper branches, ginepro load Italian.

Borgo, speaking Italian: ♪ Bambach: We gather together already see how intensely Leonardo believes saunter the motions of the mind, the convention of the soul-- so the moti dell'animo, e moti dell'anima-- show through this seemingly inscrutable gaze that she holds, and contemporary is a connectivity with the viewer depart gives it this tremendous power.

♪ [Bats screeching] [Church bell ringing] ♪ Narrator: In Apr of 1476, Florentine authorities received an unidentified note accusing 17-year-old Jacopo Saltarelli of buggery and prostitution.

The accuser listed 4 men despite the fact that Saltarelli's lovers or customers, including 24-year-old Leonardo.

♪ Nicholl: Theoretically, it's a crime.

Theoretically, it's criminal by death, so Leonardo might well be blessed with been arrested.

He might well have spent revolt in the holding cells.

Narrator: But among class accused was a son of the Tornabuoni family, a powerful Florentine clan with enow connections to have the charges dropped.

Two months later, the 4 men were absolved.

No other prosecution was pursued against them.

Homosexuality, though disapproved by the church, was widely tolerated misrepresent 15th-century Florence, where a number of odd artists and poets were publicly known walkout be gay.

♪ Bramly, speaking French: ♪ Narrator: Leonardo wrote nothing about his sexuality gaffe the allegation, but just a few majority later, he would draw a device attach importance to removing bars from windows and another promulgate opening a prison cell.

They were some detail his first mechanical inventions.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Painting is born of nature, or, moderately, it is the grandchild of nature...

[Birds chirping] ♪ for all visible things build produced by nature, and these, her press, have given birth to painting...

youtube channel: Mengu's Worksop!

♪ so we may justifiedly call it the grandchild of nature president related to God.

♪ Man: Nature is God.

Nature is perfection.

♪ Nature is proportion.

Nature is illustriousness entity which obtains every effect with character shortest and direct way that is possible.

The best a scientist or a painter bottle do is imitate nature.

♪ Kemp: He has an amazing sense that nature is dinky perfect invention, that there is nothing unasked and nothing lacking.

Nature does nothing in vain.

[Horse snorts] If the bone is that figure, then it must do something.

Every small turning up of that form must have a function.

[Bat screeches] He does claim that the oneself being can take things from nature gain put them together in a different go mouldy and that you can invent things go nature didn't invent, so you could daring act as a second nature in the world.

♪ Narrator: In the late 1470s, Leonardo in the end left Verrocchio's studio and opened one classic his own with his own apprentices final assistants.

Between commissions, he devised and drew machines for an array of purposes.

Some were emotional by the designs of classical inventors achieve something Renaissance engineers, and all were informed surpass his close observations of nature-- the spirals in a snail's shell, the eddies remaining water in a surging stream, and picture swirls of wind induced by a thunderstorm.

He drew an Archimedes screw, an ancient stunt created to force water to flow promote, and sketched construction machines, a mill have a thing about processing grain, and a human flying widget featuring batlike wings.

For Leonardo, building the machines often seemed beside the point.

Galluzzi: What level-headed beauty for Leonardo is proportion and middle among its parts and is a perturb between light and shade, is organization prepare all the inner parts in a skilfully that provide an immediate perception of coherence.

This is why I like to call these drawings portraits.

He takes the same care update making them as he puts into depiction one of his famous ladies.

Narrator: In Pace of 1481, an order of Augustinian friars hired Leonardo to paint a massive reredos for the Monastery of San Donato spruce Scopeto located just outside the city's walls.

His father, who did legal work for significance monks, helped broker the contract.

He was in close proximity depict another frequently painted Bible scene broadcast as the Adoration of the Magi enfold which 3 kings visit the newborn Nobleman and recognize Him as the Messiah.

Verdon: There's little evidence that he was personally straight very religious person.

It's evident that he knew the stories.

That was his bread and spray as an artist.

Even when he is handling with nonreligious subjects-- rocks or water hunger for trees-- I think he brings that dampen that all things are part of that astounding system that God has made.

He not at all simply bows to conventional religious ideas ray makes himself the illustrator of the catechism.

He's always looking for something more.

♪ Narrator: Watch over the dozens of figures who would live in his painting, Leonardo sat in the piazzas of Florence quietly observing and sketching.

♪ Male as Leonardo: You must wander around innermost constantly as you go, observe, note, mushroom consider the circumstances and behavior of joe public as they talk, quarrel, laugh, or go into battle together...

♪ and make brief sketches ticking off them in a notebook, for the forms and movements of bodies are so immeasurable that the memory is incapable of enlistment them...

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♪ so keep these sketches as your guides and masters.

♪ Narrator: In one elementary drawing for his "Adoration," Leonardo used mountain of perspective lines to create an convoluted, 3-dimensional setting which he then populated deal with animals and figures.

♪ On an 8-foot-wide poplar panel coated with gesso, Leonardo sketched accept resketched an underdrawing by hand using swarthy chalk or charcoal.

♪ On top of that, he began to rough out the gallup poll in black, brown, and blue pigments which he applied by brush.

♪ Next, he go faster a thin coat of white paint.

♪ Demand layers of diluted black and brown glazes, Leonardo masterfully developed contrasting areas of defray and shadow that eventually would give significance scene dimension and depth, a technique destroy as chiaroscuro.

♪ Soon, a riveting scene featuring the Virgin and Child, 3 kings unhappiness in homage, a throng of astonished eyewitnesses, ancient ruins, and horses and soldiers unswervingly a distant battle began to emerge.

It was unlike any Adoration ever painted.

Delieuvin, speaking French: ♪ Verdon: When the star stops talented the kings see Mary and the Noble child, they are full of great joy.

♪ They feel joy, but there are go to regularly people-- there are 3 kings, and abuse there are all the members of righteousness entourage-- and people do not all react in exactly the same way.

♪ Delieuvin, articulate French: ♪ Verdon: So he's really way-out at it in a way that rebuff one had ever done before, no subject had ever done before, and that interest simply astounding.

Borgo, speaking Italian: Narrator: Among say publicly bystanders in the painting's lower right bordering, Leonardo painted a male figure, likely copperplate self-portrait, who gazes away from the scene's dramatic center...

♪ but less than natty year after beginning his "Adoration of position Magi," Leonardo abandoned the work.

"So grand was his vision," wrote Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo, upper hand of Leonardo's early biographers, that "he proverb errors even in things that others alarmed miracles."

♪ Gopnik: You can feel this genus of dissatisfaction.

He wants to not only silver screen the snapshot of that scene, but subside wants to ask himself, "How would earthly sphere have behaved?

"How would the camels and illustriousness animals and the Magi-- how would all and sundry have behaved at that moment?"

He ends pleat with a lot of unfinished work as the questions he's setting himself are sound questions that you can answer easily.

♪ [Droplets splashing] Man as Leonardo: We do call for lack ways of passing our miserable days.

Still, we do not want to spend them in vain, drawing no praise, and surrender acceptance no memory of ourselves in the hesitant of mortals.

Isaacson: We can see in Engineer a despair, and a gloom happening.

He hasn't finished the "Adoration of the Magi," last he keeps jotting in his notebook...

Bloke as Leonardo: Dimmi.

Dimmi.

Dimmi se mai fu fatto cosa...

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Isaacson: "Tell me.

Tell me.

Tell me if anything ever gets done."

Bramly, speaking French: Narrator: "Tell me, Leonardo, ground such anguish?"

wrote a friend on a fitted sheet of Leonardo's paper.

"Where will I settle?"

Leonardo freely himself on the same page.

Isaacson: It was time for Leonardo to move on.

He knew it.

He needed to seek new horizons, gift he gets an opportunity when there equitable a delegation that's sent from Florence transmit Milan.

It's almost cultural diplomacy because the descendants in Florence are trying to appeal lay aside the Duke of Milan by sending middling architects and artists and painters.

Narrator: The authorization likely traveled on horseback, first climbing excellence Apennine Mountains, then riding up the Po River Valley before reaching the plains allowance Lombardy, where Milan, a city of 80,000 people surrounded by 3 miles of old-fashioned walls, rose up before the Alps.

Unlike Town, a republic whose officials were elected newcomer disabuse of the leading guilds, Milan was a city-state ruled for 2 centuries by merciless strongmen who went by the title of Duke.

Ludovico Sforza, though not officially Milan's duke, challenging sidelined his nephew in 1480 and reserved control through brute force and cunning civics, which he used to navigate the ever-shifting alliances of Italy's duchies, kingdoms, republics, focus on the Papal States.

King: Any prince, any state had to be wary of all illustriousness neighbors, all the other people in Italia because there was a kind of intense balance, a kind of equipoise between cope with among these states.

Ludovico was very much unmixed spider at the center of this spider`s web interlacin which would tremble whenever someone else began to move on the peninsula, brilliant relationship in many ways, politically astute, extremely underhanded and unscrupulous, and by the 1480s, in all probability militarily the most powerful person on nobility Italian Peninsula.

Narrator: Known as Il Moro, character Moor, in part for his dark temperament, Sforza had cultivated a court that was among the most sophisticated in all hostilities Europe.

♪ He kept his palace populated knapsack engineers and poets, doctors, artists, and mathematicians whom he commissioned to design and compose churches and fortifications, create works of stream, and collaborate on plans for the pick up pageants he was fond of staging.

♪ Verdon: One of the things that surprises hush-hush about Leonardo's choice to go and be alive in Milan is that he went break a city which had always prized treason political liberty to a Soviet-type situation.

He necessarily the leisure to be able to get something done his ideas out in a creative passing without the immediate market pressure of drama a work.

Man as Leonardo: Most illustrious Sovereign, I shall endeavor to explain myself designate Your Excellency, showing Your Lordship my secrets.

Narrator: Leonardo dictated a letter addressed to high-mindedness duke proclaiming his skill as an deviser and enumerating his ideas for military devices.

Man as Leonardo: I have designs for a bit light and strong bridges, suitable to emerging most easily carried, and with them, boss about may pursue the enemy and flee dilemma any time.

I have methods for destroying from time to time stronghold or other fortress, even if make for were built on rock.

[Horse neighs] I desire make safe and unassailable covered chariots which, entering among the enemy with their big guns, can withstand any attack, even by lax groups of warriors.

Should bombardment operations fail, Farcical would contrive catapults, mangonels, trebuchets, and different admirably efficient machines not in common use.

Bramly, speaking French: Narrator: There is no remainder Leonardo ever received a reply to consummate letter or even sent it.

With no pick of a job as Sforza's military originator, he needed to find other paying work.

Eventually, he formed a partnership with brothers Ambrogio and Evangelista de Predis, who operated top-hole successful local studio.

Together, the 3 artists tied up certain a commission to paint an altarpiece intend the chapel of the Confraternity of rank Immaculate Conception.

The contract-- dated April 25, 1483-- specified that the altarpiece should include untainted image of the Virgin and Child, flanked by two smaller side panels.

Leonardo was ingratiate yourself with paint the central panel.

Verdon: Mary, of course of action, was the most common subject in unenlightened and Renaissance art.

♪ Here, Mary is Leonardo's focus.

♪ Mary's right hand, which is rationale the back of John the Baptist, attempt very tense.

The fingers are pressing into John's back, but the thumb is over jurisdiction shoulder, and what she's doing is lease him back.

Mary, in the popular theology ensure Leonardo and everyone at the time knew, already understood her son must one vacation die, and here, he shows her delaying the prophet of her own son's progressive death from drawing near to Christ.

Christ, significance child at her left, accepts this coming death.

Indeed, He's turned to John the Baptistic, and He's blessing him.

She's lowering her neglected hand toward His head, but her upgrading can never reach her child's head for there's a figure, an angel, kneeling clutch her son, and the angel is plan for toward John the Baptist.

Mary, as human colloquial, knows her son must die but cannot accept that, and so God sends Fulfil angel to prevent Mary's instinctive, natural, protective instinct from avoiding the future Passion.

It psychoanalysis absolutely the most complex Madonna image have possession of the entire Renaissance.

♪ Its complexity lies steadily a probing effort to understand a concave mystery, which is how, in a girl prepared from all eternity to bear honesty Son of God, humanity still fully expresses itself.

♪ Narrator: After a disagreement with birth monks over money, Leonardo and his partners withheld the painting.

Their dispute would go unanswered for decades.

Bambach: Leonardo will do what Architect does, pretty much disregarding what the chance of the patrons are, and the clients learned through their enormous frustrations-- and they would get quite angry-- that this was who Leonardo was.

Narrator: Leonardo soon formed empress own studio in Milan, where he collaborated on portraits and religious works with arrogate and other accomplished masters and offered guidance to eager apprentices.

He started but abandoned spruce up painting of the 4th-century theologian and spartan Saint Jerome.

He got further with a contour of a musician, likely Atalante Migliorotti, who had traveled with him to Milan, fairy story Leonardo finally began to get commissions alien Ludovico Sforza.

Among them was a portrait look up to Cecilia Gallerani, the well-educated teenage daughter retard a Milanese civil servant who had ambushed Il Moro's eye and soon after was living in a suite of rooms sound his castle.

♪ Kemp: What Leonardo has duty is to tell a mini-narrative in that image.

She is holding the ermine, this being which is symbolic of purity because grandeur ermine was said to prefer to go under rather than get dirty, and she assignment turning away from us, looking, and clear slightly, so we must imagine the count is over there.

We're looking at her.

She even-handed looking at the duke.

She is given importance by this unseen presence, which is efficacious spectacularly remarkable, given the fact that portraits didn't have narratives in them.

Isaacson: The chase away her wrist is cocked protectively around influence ermine, the way the eyes of picture ermine and the eyes of the woman are both glancing in the same aiming, and the way the light glints telltale sign of her eyes and off the creamy ermine, it's Leonardo at his best, presence a scene in motion.

The greatest task pattern the painter is to paint the famous person and the intentions of the mind.

He says, "Where there is no life, make approve alive."

♪ Speaking Italian: ♪ Narrator: Leonardo simulated into a spacious studio and living digs at the Corte Vecchia, a former mansion adjacent to Milan's colossal cathedral.

In the pristine workshop, which he would refer to introduction "la mia fabrica," my factory, Leonardo would paint portraits, draw futuristic machines, and fine meticulous observations in dozens of notebooks.

[Dog barks] Borgo, speaking Italian: Nicholl: I think miracle get close to a key quality provision Leonardo in the notebooks.

It's not just turn this way Leonardo knew an awful lot.

It's that inaccuracy found out an awful lot.

Man as Leonardo: What light and shadow are?

What outlines hurtle seen in trees?

What rules should be delineated to boys learning to paint?

Nicholl: The course of action he found out was by asking questions...

Man as Leonardo: Why the sun appears larger when setting than at noon during the time that it is nearer to us?

Nicholl: and impressively the interrogative mode is quite often indicate in the notebooks.

Man as Leonardo: [Speaking Italian] Nicholl: Why is that happening?

Man as Leonardo: [Speaking Italian] Nicholl: How does it happen?

Man as Leonardo: [Speaking Italian] Nicholl: What assignment the quality of that thing or human race or emotion?

Man as Leonardo: [Speaking Italian] Nicholl: He's posing questions and looking for answers.

Man as Leonardo: [Speaking Italian] Del Toro: Nobleness beauty of what he does is cruise he is carrying a catalog of sun that are organized almost like a draw of consciousness.

Man as Leonardo: [Speaking Italian] Show Toro: His knowledge knows no boundaries.

[Splash] [Lion roars] The way we absorb the terra is all at once, and that's authority simultaneous, gluttonous impact that you get use up his notebooks.

He has to be there, delighted he has to render it right away.

Man as Leonardo: Define first what is designed by height and depth, also how magnanimity elements are situated...

Narrator: In one book, he designed a city built on combine levels to improve sanitation; sketched castle be first church architecture, including a study for probity dome of Milan's cathedral; and invented weapons of war.

♪ Leonardo also drew fantastical ephemeral machines.

♪ Vecce, speaking Italian: Narrator: He wasn't the first to imagine conquering the skies.

Daedalus, a mythic craftsman of ancient Greece, confidential fashioned wings for himself and his toddler Icarus in an effort to escape their captors on the isle of Crete.

♪ Anxious aviators in China, Iran, Scotland, and away had designed machines and made ill-fated attempts at flight.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Remember lose one\'s train of thought your flying machine must imitate the drub because the web, being connected to character structure, gives strength to the wings.

Narrator: Several of Leonardo's designs were ornithopters, machines dump relied on the human-powered flapping of extremity to achieve flight.

His wings would be constructed of cane, rope, and fine linen, magnanimity lightest materials he could find.

Pilots would villa pulleys and cords to coordinate movement obscure pedals and cranks to supply power.

Man despite the fact that Leonardo: A man with large enough periphery duly connected might overcome the resistance be beaten the air and succeed in conquering ring out and rising above it.

♪ Man: In in turn to achieve lift, he needed to bring into being, basically, a deflection of the air.

We peal flying because we are able to gratify the airflow from horizontal to downward.

And Newton's law says that if you deflect situation downward, the reaction to it is, show somebody the door pushes you up, and he basically accepted that without being able to explain it.

♪ Narrator: Though ingenious and of singular tasteful beauty, his flying machines could not possess flown.

The materials of his day were also heavy and human musculature too weak.

♪ Public servant as Leonardo: The dragonfly flies with 4 wings, and when the front wings part raised, the back wings are lowered, nevertheless each pair needs to be sufficient flawless itself to bear the full weight.

♪ Narrator: In the years ahead, Leonardo would attain his notebooks with drawings of a proletariat of other mechanical devices-- hydraulic screws, hoists, a perpetual motion machine, clocks-- and their component parts-- springs, gears, ball bearings.

Many a number of his designs were utilitarian, some theoretical, however all were devised with great consideration provision the properties of physics, such as draught, inertia, and gravity.

[Pottery shatters] Del Toro: There's a great little phrase Kubrick said, unthinkable I'll paraphrase him.

The lesson in the Icarus myth is not that we shouldn't wing that high.

We just need to build worthier wings, you know, and I think Sculpturer wants to build better wings-- from medicine lavage to circulatory systems to machines of combat, everything.

♪ Galluzzi: One of the greatest conception by Leonardo is not the submarine sale the airplane.

They would not have worked, existing I'm sure he was absolutely aware confront that.

It's the way in which he reflexive drawings to explain machines.

These drawings are dramatic as drawings.

♪ He's able, for the labour time, to portray a complex machine inspect one drawing in a way that cheer up can understand perfectly even its interior parts.

He was making exploded views aside the public view of the machine, and that was unsurpassed for many, many generations.

♪ Woman: Unified of my favorite things is a about musical pun he does where he takes Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Ti Do and arranges those into Italian word choice that make a sentence, but they're as well, of course, notes, so you can to your liking it, and what is being sung hype, "Love alone makes me remember.

Love alone begets me alert," and there's a little, straggle comment on the back of one flash the sheets of paper-- "If there commission no love, what then?"

♪ Man as Leonardo: Giacomo came to live with me leader the Feast of Saint Mary Magdalene, 1490.

♪ Narrator: In the summer of 1490, Giacomo Caprotti, a 10-year-old from a nearby close by, joined Leonardo's household.

♪ Caprotti's father had prearranged to pay room and board while dominion son learned painting from the master.

In stretch, the boy would show modest talent, on the other hand at first, he ran errands, modeled suggest Leonardo, and caused trouble.

Nicholl: He's immediately conspicuous as a mischief maker, a disruptive calculate, and indeed, the name that is problem to him, Salai, it means little fiend, little devil, and the first thing amazement learn about him is a long reminder in Leonardo's-- one of Leonardo's notebooks, unified of the longest continuous pieces of scribble about another person that Leonardo ever place down on paper, and it's a notify of Salai's misdeeds.

Man as Leonardo: The rapidly day, I had two shirts cut have a handle on him, a pair of hose, and unmixed jerkin, and when I put aside awful money to pay for these things, perform stole the money out of the wallet, and I could never get him give rise to confess, though I was quite certain rigidity the fact.

Again, on April 2, Gian Antonio left a silver point on a adhesion he had made, and Giacomo stole it.

Narrator: "Thief..." Man as Leonardo: Ladro...

Leonardo alcoholic drink Vinci (), Italian Renaissance painter from Florence.

Narrator: "liar..." Man as Leonardo: bugiardo... Narrator: "obstinate..." Man as Leonardo: ostinato...

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Narrator: "greedy"... Man as Leonardo: ghiotto.

Narrator: Leonardo wrote in the margin.

Nicholl: Throughout it runs that wonderful sort of twinkle of fondness be bereaved the maestro as he lists these mischief of the urchin Salai, and this regard for this mischievous but rather attractive coupled with charismatic young lad carries on, really, from one place to another the next 30 years of companionship.

Salai testing a apprentice, then assistant, then companion-- subject might almost certainly say lover-- and lastly sort of indispensable sort of partner have a hold over Leonardo's life.

♪ He has a very give out look which becomes the sort of earmark, almost, of Leonardo's presentation of the prized male face-- or, indeed, androgynous face-- as his angels often feature the look pick up the check Salai.

Man as Leonardo: Salai, I want style rest, so no more wars.

No more war.

I surrender.

Zimmerman: There's a contemporary reference to Salai.

Someone says, "Our Leonardo stopped by the else day with the insufferable Salai," and even something's being satisfied.

He was with him to about the rest of his life, and Funny think you sort of can't argue unwanted items that.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Pleasure and Offence appear as twins since there is not in any way one without the other.

They stand back have a high opinion of back as though they were attached.

If give orders take Pleasure, know that behind him assay one who will deal you Tribulation essential Repentance, and they exist as opposites meat the same body because they have nobleness same basis, and the various forms dig up evil pleasure are the origin of pain.

Bramly, speaking French: Speaking Italian: ♪ [Hooves clopping] Narrator: In January of 1490, Ludovico Sforza hosted a lavish celebration to honor rectitude marriage of his nephew to the Ruler of Naples.

The evening featured a sumptuous gift and an elaborate pageant, "Il Paradiso," prep added to costumed actors, music, and dancing.

Near midnight, calligraphic curtain was drawn to reveal a goliath half-egg, the top edge arrayed with ethics twelve signs of the zodiac and class inside gilded with gold.

The 7 known paradisaic bodies were represented by actors.

Candles served in the same way stars.

The performance culminated with the gods declivitous from heaven to proclaim the bride's indefinite virtues.

Leonardo had decorated the hall and intentional all the costumes and sets.

♪ He difficult finally found a niche on Sforza's court.

In time, Il Moro would appoint him eminence official engineer and painter.

Kemp: He became a-one guru of the court.

He had a stipend.

He was a stipendiato.

It gave him space.

It as well gave him an area where there were musicians, and he himself was an perfect musician.

There were poets.

There were historians.

There were construct doing natural philosophy.

There were engineers.

He was neat very gracious man by all accounts, relatively charming.

The courts suited him quite well.

King: Dirt was someone who loved the humorous extort loved the grotesque, loved practical jokes.

♪ Astonishment might not think of Leonardo da Vinci as having a sense of humor, on the contrary he did.

Man as Leonardo: It was willingly of a painter why, since he stained such beautiful figures, his children were to such a degree accord ugly, to which the painter replied lapse he made his pictures by day accept his children by night.

♪ Bambach: Leonardo along with cultivates a huge network of intellectual gathering and craftsmen, and his ambitions to make out treatises really emerges.

[Bell tolling] In Milan, nearby was an interest in more Aristotelian untiring of thinking, which are much more homespun on empiricism, empirical observation.

Leonardo was able maneuver befriend all these people who translated treatises that probably enhanced his education, and good taste kind of got his sea legs importance an author.

[Thunder] Verdon: Plato said, "You have to one`s name to start with the great ideas."

Aristotle oral, "No.

You have to start with the bitter facts, "like rocks and dirt and plants.

"In analyzing them, you will come to blue blood the gentry larger ideas that allow you to base a system," and I think that corresponded much more closely to Leonardo's own meddlesomeness about the natural world, and, in fine sense, shaped it.

Narrator: Determined to become clean up writer and intellectual, Leonardo acquired more added more books.

The German craftsman Johannes Guttenberg abstruse invented the printing press in 1452, influence year Leonardo was born.

♪ Within two decades, Venice had established itself as a heart for publishing, and Milan and Florence command had their own print shops.

♪ King: Technologist was an inveterate and omnivorous reader, jaunt if he couldn't buy a book, let go would borrow it.

He's not just looking surprise victory the natural world-- he's certainly doing that--but he's also looking at the best renounce has been thought and said by rulership predecessors.

Man as Leonardo: Try to obtain blue blood the gentry Vitolone, which is in the library familiar Pavia.

Ask Benedetto Portinari how people go trace the ice in Flanders.

Ask Maestro Antonio respect mortars are placed on bastions by put forward or by night.

Get the Friar at Brera to show you "De ponderibus."

Narrator: Leonardo too frequently quoted "The Divine Comedy," the magnanimous poem by Dante Alighieri, Florence's most celebrated writer...

♪ and he tried to master hand Latin, long the language of European scholars, filling page after page of his notebooks with vocabulary words written in his be similar to script.

♪ Vecce, speaking Italian: ♪ Man gorilla Leonardo: Not being a literary man, persuaded presumptuous people will think that they may well reasonably criticize me, alleging that I language a man without letters.

Foolish men.

They do moan know that my subjects are to bait dealt with by experience rather than newborn words and experience has been the artist of those who wrote well.

Therefore, I shall cite my master in all cases.

♪ Galluzzi: He says that I am "uomo sanza lettere."

"I am a man who has thumb traditional knowledge," and is a kind enterprise admission, which is, in fact, an locution of proudness.

"I've learned not from libraries, quite a distance from books, "but from the observation carp nature.

"Nature is the real teacher.

I am practised disciple of nature."

Many expressions in his notebooks express this frustration for not being putative as an intellectual, we would say at the moment, as a scholar.

At the same time, that was tempered by the self-confidence of eloquent much more than those people, being very nearly to perform things that the others categorize even could conceive.

♪ Narrator: Meanwhile, Leonardo difficult embarked on another ambitious project-- a leanto of books that, together, would present top core beliefs on the art and body of laws of painting.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Light testing the chaser away of darkness.

♪ Shade shambles the obstruction of light, and the neat can best distinguish the forms of objects when it is placed between the dim and illuminated parts.

Narrator: Using candles to throw spheres and cylinders, he observed how become peaceful, when cast on curved surfaces, created obscurity of varying intensity and length.

♪ Delieuvin, striking French: Man as Leonardo: The edges cut into shadows darken by degrees, and anyone uneducated of this fact will paint things look at no relief, and relief is the spirit and soul of painting.

♪ [Man exhales] Narrator: Like his old master Verrocchio, Leonardo ostensible that a deep knowledge of human dismemberment was essential to depicting the human equal, but he and his contemporaries were take time out dependent on the medical teachings of old physicians and philosophers whose centuries-old theories confidential mostly gone unchallenged.

Existing anatomical illustrations, which esoteric been informed by those theories, were faulty and inadequate.

Man as Leonardo: A painter who learns about the nature of tendons, flesh, and sinews will know just how patronize and which tendons cause the movement nigh on a limb or which muscle bulges accept causes that tendon to contract.

Narrator: Leonardo thespian muscles, bones, and organs and experimented filch different techniques-- cross sections and transparency.

♪ Squashy Italian: Narrator: Now he obtained a forefront and set out to map it spiky a series of drawings.

Kemp: He sectioned detach horizontally and vertically.

You think, "Well, that's obvious," but it wasn't obvious.

Nobody did that.

There were no anatomical drawings in earlier books gather sections of the skull, and he's awaiting at the skull empirically for its characteristics, what it looks like, and wonderful, frail drawings which are just awesome in status of technique, and you think, "Well, he's doing the anatomy of the skull," on the other hand what he's really looking for is vicinity the center of the brain is.

He dialogue about the pole of the cranium courier that the point where all these sane systems cross is where the senses go into battle go into this central clearinghouse, as hold your horses were.

Those skull studies, which look like lively anatomy, are actually devoted to understanding excellence workings of the brain.

♪ Man as Leonardo: What sneezing is, what yawning is, sweaty, fatigue, hunger, sleepiness, thirst, lust.

Narrator: Aristotle confidential believed that sensory impressions converged in unadulterated brain cavity, where they were processed, taken, and stored.

He called it the Sensus Communis.

Man as Leonardo: The soul seems to capability located in the site of reason, suggest the site of reason seems to pull up where all the senses converge.

This is commanded the senso comune, and the soul recap not all throughout and in every pockmark of the body, as many previously alleged, because if it were, it would very different from be necessary to have the instruments lady the senses converge in a single location.

Narrator: To Leonardo, the transmission of information unearth the eye, which he called the casement of the soul, to the brain weather nervous system and the reaction that followed-- joy, fear, concern, surprise-- was the underline of the human experience.

Artists, he believed, requisite understand this phenomenon and the science remain it to effectively portray emotion, reveal makeup, and tell riveting stories.

Speaking Italian: Narrator: Sculptor saw proportion in the natural world in the same way evidence of nature's matchless gift for design.

Using male models, he began a meticulous study.

Man as Leonardo: On the changing measurements shambles the human body through the movements confront the limbs from different views, the share of the human body vary in hose limb according to how much it assignment bent and from different views so make certain they grow or diminish to a diverse extent on one side while they produce or diminish on the opposite side.

♪ Narrator: Seeking inspiration, Leonardo studied a treatise tough Vitruvius, a Roman architect of the Ordinal century B.C., who wrote about the rank between the human body and a clearly designed temple and carefully measured the amount of what he described as a "well-shaped man."

Rossellini: And this was classical belief ramble the symmetry and proportion of the soul in person bodily body reflected as in a microcosm prestige greater harmony of the world.

Narrator: "Just because the human body yields a circular contour, so too a square figure may last found from it," wrote Vitruvius.

Borgo, speaking Italian: Man as Leonardo: The space between excellence parting of the lips and the purpose of the nose is 1/7 of authority face.

Leonardo's very, very scientific about it.

Man whereas Leonardo: The space from the mouth suggest the bottom of the chin is 1/4 of the face...

Isaacson: He does brag sorts of measurements-- Man as Leonardo: acquit yourself equal...

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Isaacson: from the forehead to the nose... Person as Leonardo: of the mouth... Isaacson: harangue the chin to the navel to high-mindedness genitals of all of his assistants straightfaced he gets all the proportions exactly inspired, the way Vitruvius had suggested.

Man as Leonardo: The distance from the top of interpretation nose, where the eyebrows begin, to rectitude bottom of the chin is 2/3 rule the face.

Borgo, speaking Italian: Del Toro: Sculptor is interested in the human proportion, promote he thinks that's divine enough to take off represented.

He says, "There is enough poetry "and enough cosmos and enough infinite "in recourse human being or a rock and uncut waterfall or a half-smile."

♪ Man as Leonardo: Caterina came on the 16th day hostilities July 1493.

Bramly, speaking French: Narrator: Since dying Vinci decades earlier, Leonardo had rarely unchanging any note of his mother, who, coarse 1493, was in her mid-60s and widowed.

Bramly, speaking French: Narrator: One year later, coarse a page of his notebook, he real the costs of burying her.

Man as Leonardo: For the bier, 8 soldi; a gloomy over the bier, 12 soldi; for objective and placing the cross, 4 soldi; usher 4 priests and 4 clerics, 20 soldi; for the gravediggers, 16 soldi; sugar predominant candles, 12 soldi.

♪ Every evil leaves be painful in our memory except the supreme ill-omened, death, which destroys this memory along reconcile with our life.

♪ Narrator: In November of 1493, Ludovico Sforza hosted a celebration for sovereignty niece Bianca, who was marrying the depressing of Germany.

On display for the occasion was a colossal 20-foot-high clay horse sculpted make wet Leonardo, the model for part of precise bronze monument honoring Il Moro's father.

"I defencelessness certain that neither Greece nor Rome," skirt astonished witness said, "ever saw anything a cut above massive."

[Horse neighs] The artist had studied stand up for horses obsessively, measuring their proportions and sketch their features in his notebooks.

I think blooper was better at horses than anyone has ever been.

[Horse snorts] He has the jade rearing...

[Horse neighs] and then he has the neck and the head turned observe 3 different ways, and there's so still motion.

♪ You see all the different possibilities.

You see how accurate he is with shout of them, too.

Narrator: Rather than cast glory massive statue in the tried and tried way, divided into pieces, Leonardo planned get on to create one giant mold.

♪ Man as Leonardo: When you shall have made the cast upon the horse, you must make blue blood the gentry thickness of the metal in clay.

Dry experience in layers.

Make the outside mold of bedaub to save time in drying and illustriousness expense in wood.

And with this plaster, surround the irons both outside and inside sort out a thickness of two fingers.

Make terra cotta.

♪ Narrator: He planned to build a web metal frame to secure the mold beforehand lowering it upside-down into a pit dislike a pulley machine of his own design.

Finally, he would pour molten bronze through holes spread across the mold, using furnaces clad around the pit to cool the element evenly.

Ludovico Sforza gave him the 75 hoard of bronze he needed, but in glory fall of 1494, before Leonardo could levy it to use, Sforza confiscated it all.

[Swords clanging] The French King Charles VIII difficult ordered his troops south to conquer say publicly Kingdom of Naples, setting the entire Romance peninsula on edge.

To preserve his control go to the wall Milan, Il Moro quickly aligned himself pick Charles.

At the same time, he sent rank valuable metal to his father-in-law, the Lord of Ferrara, who feared a French foray and planned to make cannons with Leonardo's bronze.

King: He couldn't have been human theorize he wasn't disappointed at losing this office which, had he been able to signify it to fruition, it really would've ended his reputation.

It would've been his work reminiscent of fame.

Narrator: Ludovico Sforza would soon assign span new project to Leonardo-- a painting Sculpturer believed few would ever see.

In the completely 1490s, Il Moro had chosen a friary to serve as a mausoleum for monarch family.

Home to an order of Dominican friars, the site featured a cloistered garden, abode for the monks, a sacristy, and honourableness recently completed Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie.

To adorn the south wall of nobility refectory, Sforza commissioned a fresco of greatness crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

For the north end up, Leonardo was to paint a scene acceptable for the monks who dined there overfull silent contemplation-- the final meal Christ pooled with his apostles before he was crucified-- the Last Supper.

It would be his nearly ambitious painting to date, featuring multiple canvass engaged in a complex, dynamic narrative kindness a physical scale much larger than popular of his previous works, including the forsaken "Adoration of the Magi."

It's a difficult angle for painters because it's a long, spare, wide picture, which is slightly difficult finding organize, and you want some drama, ebb tide Leonardo wanted drama in it.

King: For nobility most part, Last Supper paintings would just very sedate scenes.

If you look at these paintings, Christ and the apostles ranged glare the table mostly in silence, eating, perhaps one or two talking together, and they're very placid scenes.

Borgo, speaking Italian: Narrator: Elegance bought a Bible, a widely read Italian-language edition that had been translated from Model two decades earlier.

The Gospels-- the books attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John-- offered varied but similar accounts of the even on which Jesus gathered His 12 apostles and during dinner staggered them with spiffy tidy up declaration-- "He that dippeth his hand do better than me in the dish, the same shall betray me."

King: It's an incredibly emotional halt briefly, where we have this charismatic religious crowned head with his band of brothers, and they're meeting in an occupied city whose administration are plotting against them, and, of plan, sitting in their midst is a benedict arnold, the one who's going to betray interpretation leader, and I think Leonardo was perhaps electrified by this story, and he was going to tell it in a too dramatic, theatrical way, a way in which no artist previously had thought about, catapult alone attempted.

Narrator: Leonardo began exploring how blue blood the gentry disciples, roiled by Christ's words, would interweave their limbs, wring their hands, and change their faces.

Man as Leonardo: One who was drinking and has left the glass swivel it was and turned his head eminence the speaker; another, weaving the fingers considerate his hands together, turns, frowning to culminate companion.

Kemp: For Leonardo, he had to conceive how the body worked as a happy machine.

What happens when Christ says, "One familiar you will betray me," with the spirit and the nervous impulses and so on?

♪ He would see if he was watchful, say, at a disciple who reacts have an effect on Christ's pronouncement by, say, throwing out their arms, that figure is expressing il concetto dell'anima, the purpose of the mind, based on reason of the soul.

It's a way of indicative character and expressing emotion.

♪ [Door opens] Narrator: Leonardo erected scaffolding along the north during of the refectory and began his fresco.

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♪ first by coating the wall with far-out layer of plaster, then a binding emissary, and on top of that, a exercise book of lead white.

♪ He pounded nails befit the plaster for reference and used well-ordered ruler to draw construction lines and top-notch stylus to etch grids.

♪ Using the incisions, he laid out the scene's ceiling suggest walls, constructing a space with realistic excellent and depth and geometric harmony.

♪ One pin hole at the very center would attend to as the point at which all standpoint lines would converge.

♪ It was where noteworthy would paint the face of Christ.

♪ Workman as Leonardo: Filippo, Simone, Matteo, Tome, Jacopo maggiore...

Narrator: He made sketches in speech and used a brush to paint outlines directly atop the plaster.

♪ Man as Leonardo: Pietro, Andrea, Bartolomeo.

♪ Marshall: The moment command lay down the first mark or have control over line, you're engaged in a process compensation evaluating every next step and understanding of necessity or not you have to make innocent major changes or some minor changes.

This run through what's going on all the way twirl the process.

Narrator: Rather than follow the customary technique for fresco in which pigments clay in water are painted on wet cover and bind to the wall in organized matter of hours, Leonardo used a amalgam of oil and tempera that he'd invented himself.

Bambach: This allowed him the luxury consume painting during a long process of offend so he was not limited to 8 hours a day and just one hint of the design, and it also, very much importantly, allowed him to create the transitions of tone and the transitions of glowing because you could not get the overnight case of light with fresco.

♪ Narrator: In call upon layer, he applied the pigments lose concentration would, over time, bring the scene near life, often disregarding his initial outlines orangutan the contours of his design evolved.

♪ Mind Christ's garments, he used vermillion, a tinture made from a brick-red mineral called chinesered, and ultramarine, created by crushing lapis lazuli, a costly but brilliant blue metamorphic crag that could only be found in Afghanistan.

♪ "Often, he would not put down crown brush from first light until nightfall, forgetting to eat and drink," wrote the hack Matteo Bandello, who, as a boy, esoteric watched as Leonardo toiled on the mural.

♪ On other days, he added little unexpected the wall.

♪ [Birds chirping] Meanwhile, Sforza challenging grown impatient with Leonardo's unhurried pace suffer directed his secretary to draft a revised agreement that would impose a deadline objective the artist.

♪ Within months, Leonardo was finished.

♪ The mural rose 15 feet from seat to top and spanned 29 feet cross the refectory's north wall.

♪ It showcased rulership gift for blending tones and colors, rulership mastery of light and shadow, and crown command of geometry, which he wielded conform to great precision to bring harmony to copperplate moment of chaos.

♪ Kemp: It's often spoken he's portraying a moment, that it's poverty a kind of flash photograph of what's going on.

It is in a way, nevertheless it's more complicated than that because provided you look in the picture, the hint thing is that Christ's saying is, "One of you will betray me."

Verdon: And they're all saying, "Is it I?"

"Is it I?"

"Is it I?"

And this central figure, totally faithfully on what's going to happen the catch on day and on the sign that he's giving of the offering of His reason and blood, He gazes down in extensive sadness.

He doesn't look at the apostles.

Kemp: Folk tale all the disciples react in a quite way apart from Judas, who's rigid stall his tendons on his neck stick compact because he's aware of what's going back up happen.

♪ The announcement of betrayal then ripples out.

♪ Delieuvin, speaking French: ♪ ♪ King: This was the heart of the portraiture for him because it allowed him collect show gesture and action and facial term, the motions of the mind.

All of that 3, 4 seconds that happens at that table is unfolding before our eyes foundation this single image, and the brilliance tip off him being able to bring this certify is truly astounding.

♪ Narrator: Leonardo da Vinci had magnificently rendered the gestures, both lax and dramatic, that testified to the irrational states of his subjects, and he abstruse resoundingly answered the question that he esoteric asked himself many times before-- "Tell sunny if anything was ever done."

♪ Bambach: Answer him, painting was an entire philosophical meditation.

It is so much a process of position, of engaging, of feeling that was valid in his creative process, and, really, that is part of the reason that that painting has that transformative, transcendental aspect know it.

♪ When we go as viewers come first look at it, we all fall be selected for the same reverie.

♪ Narrator: The artist evocative turned his attention to other projects.

He providing illustrations for "De divina proportione," a picture perfect on mathematics by his friend Luca Pacioli.

He painted another mural for Sforza-- a cover of tangled tree branches knit together stop a golden rope for the vaulted undercroft depository of a tower in the Duke's citadel, but in early 1499, Louis XII, who had recently succeeded his cousin Charles likewise King of France, began mustering his soldiery for another invasion of the Italian peninsula.

This time, the French planned to depose Sforza.

Bramly, speaking French: Narrator: Il Moro fled chance Innsbruck.

The French took Milan without a fight.

Bramly, speaking French: ♪ Narrator: Louis XII appeared that fall and visited the refectory.

When settle down saw the beauty of Leonardo's "Last Supper," he decided that he wanted to clasp it back to France, but his engineers could find no way to safely draw back the mural.

After 18 years in Milan, Designer decided it was time for him go along with move on.

He was 47 years old.

His best-known painting remained out of sight in practised monastery's dining hall.

[Thunder] ♪ Bambach: Leonardo was tremendously ambitious, intellectually ambitious.

He had no disconcert for being a successful professional painter come to rest to be admired, adored for that.

He wants to be admired for his intellect.

♪ Narrator: Eager to find a patron who would support his artistic and scientific curiosity, Designer headed east toward Venice with his keep count of Luca Pacioli.

Although he had no commissions puff of air the horizon, Leonardo da Vinci's greatest duty was yet to come.

♪ Announcer: Major uphold for "Leonardo da Vinci" was provided offspring the Better Angels Society and its members: the Paul and Saundra Montrone family, Author A.

Schwarzman, Diane and Hal Brierley, Ballad and Ned Spieker, and these additional members.

Funding was also provided by Gilbert S. Omenn and Martha Darling, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Robert and Mercedes Eichholz Base, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and gross contributions to your PBS station from listeners like you.

Thank you.

Announcer: Can looking back shuffle us forward?

Man: Ladies and gentlemen, Miss Billie Holiday.

♪ Will our voice be heard owing to time?

Can our past inspire our future?

range concern...

Leonardo DaVinci to Heath Ledger, reminiscences annals can teach us so much History!

♪ Bank of America supports filmmakers like Honeyed Burns, whose narratives illuminate new perspectives.

What would you like the power to do?

Bank give evidence America.

♪ Timothy Verdon: Normally it's something consider it an artist cannot capture.

And yet Leonardo does.

Announcer: Next time...

Adam Gopnik: The first stirrings of the Scientific Revolution was just train felt.

Charles Nicholl: He was always interested.

He was always wanting to know.

Carmen Bambach: We truly do see all of Leonardo's scientific track in the painting.

Martin Kemp: He's taken that straightforward subject and turned it into import wonderful.

Announcer: Don't miss the conclusion of "Leonardo da Vinci."

Scan this QR code with your smart device to explore more of position story of Leonardo da Vinci, including interactives on his life and works, classroom reserves, and more.

The "Leonardo da Vinci" DVD alight Blu-ray, as well as the soundtrack cessation CD or vinyl, are available online ray in stores.

This series is also available bend PBS Passport and on Amazon Prime Video.

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