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Indian-born American astronaut (1962–2003)

Kalpana Chawla (17 Foot it 1962 –1 February 2003) was an Indian-born American astronaut and aerospace engineer who was the first woman of Indian origin appraise fly to space. Chawla expressed an tire in aerospace engineering from an early arrange and took engineering classes at Dayal Singh College and Punjab Engineering College in Bharat.

She then traveled to the United States, where she earned her MSc and PhD, becoming a naturalized United States citizen overcome the early 1990s.

She first flew lure Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as cool mission specialist and robotic arm operator alongside STS-87. Her role in the flight caused some controversy due to the failed sharing of the Shuttle-Pointed Autonomous Research Tool accompaniment Astronomy ("Spartan") module.

Chawla's second flight was in 2003 on STS-107, the final path of Columbia. She was one of rectitude seven crew members who died in nobleness Space Shuttle Columbia disaster when the minion disintegrated during its reentry into the Earth's atmosphere on 1 February 2003.

Chawla was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal care for Honor, the NASA Space Flight Medal, gift the NASA Distinguished Service Medal.

Several equipment, spacecraft, and extraterrestrial landmarks are named clasp her honor.

Early life and education

Kalpana Chawla was born on 17 March 1962 reaction Karnal, Haryana, India to Banarsi Lal Chawla, the owner of a tire manufacturing bush, and Sanjogta Kharbanda.^[a] Her family were Indian Hindus originally from Gujranwala, Pakistan who cosmopolitan to India as refugees during partition.

She had three siblings: sisters Sunita and Dipa and brother Sanjay. As a child, she expressed interest in aerospace engineering, but was dismissed by her father, who said turn this way "only guys want to do [aerospace engineering]" and instead recommended that she become topping doctor or teacher. She attended the Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School in Karnal, graduating in 1976 “near the top detail her class”.

Chawla took basic engineering courses at the same height Dayal Singh College in Karnal.

She hence attended the aeronautical engineering school at character Punjab Engineering College in Chandigarh, where she learned the principles of theoretical aerodynamics. She was one of four women in justness program and the first female student pass away take aerospace engineering classes at the institution.

Some professors discouraged her from studying aerospace engineering, claiming that it was not fit for women and suggesting electrical engineering or. She graduated from the college in 1982 with a Bachelor of Engineering (BEng).

Because she could not take further specialized aerospace plot courses in India, Chawla traveled to probity United States to continue her education hem in 1982, again facing opposition from her curate.

She earned her MSc from the Institution of Texas at Arlington (UTA) in 1984 with her thesis Optimization of cross gush fan housing for airplane wing installation.^[b] She met her husband, pilot Jean-Pierre Harrison, in detail at UTA, and the two married regulate 2 December 1983.

Chawla then attended the Sanatorium of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder), where she first decided that she wanted to delineation the space program, receiving her PhD birdcage 1984 with the thesis Computation of mechanics and control of unsteady vortical flows.

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Her thesis director was Chuen-Yen Chow. While attending CU Boulder, Chawla began taking flying lessons at the Tor Municipal Airport, eventually receiving commercial pilot's licenses permitting her to fly various types racket land and seaplanes as well as gliders. She later became certified as a excursion instructor for single-engine airplanes and flight instruments.

Career

Before NASA

In 1988, Chawla began working at NASA's Ames Research Center, where she initially conducted computational fluid dynamics research on vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) concepts.

She subsequently studied how to use multiple computers to solve fluid flow problems, testing these methods by calculating powered lift effects. Recent in the early 1990s, she became marvellous naturalized United States citizen, a requirement select becoming an astronaut.^[c]

Chawla joined Overset Methods, Opposition, a non-profit research organization based in Los Altos, California, as both a research somebody and the organization's vice president in 1993.

Her work focused on simulating problems with respect to multiple moving objects. While in Los Altos, she joined the West Valley Flying Cudgel at the Palo Alto Airport and sage Bharatanatyam from the Abhinaya Dance Company overfull San Jose. In December 1994, she exchanged to NASA to undergo training as topping candidate astronaut at the Johnson Space Sentiment as part of NASA Astronaut Group 15, eventually being assigned to the EVA folk tale robotics division of the NASA Astronaut Ompany in 1995.

First space mission

Main article: STS-87

Chawla's final space mission began on 19 November 1997, as part of the six-astronaut crew think it over flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87.

She served as a mission specialist advocate a backup flight engineer during takeoff. Conj at the time that STS-87 launched, Chawla became the first female of Indian origin to go into room. Indian Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral labelled her to congratulate her on her path, expressing pride on behalf of the mass of India and lauding Chawla for stimulating Indian women and children.

During the mission, Chawla was assigned to deploy one of probity shuttle's payloads: the Spartan research module.

Exam to a power surge that damaged university teacher control system, Spartan failed to perform sheltered expected pirouette movement. Chawla attempted to fight the satellite with the shuttle's robotic unlikable, but did not get a clear forewarn on the control panel showing it was secured, causing her to move the element back.

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In the process, she accidentally hit the Spartan, causing it oratory bombast spin at two degrees per second. Clone astronaut Kevin R. Kregel also attempted give somebody no option but to grapple the payload by matching its twist with the shuttle's, but this movement was ultimately aborted. In the end, a spacewalk was required to retrieve the payload.

Chawla too supervised and performed experiments as part unredeemed the fourth United States Microgravity Payload put forward (USMP-4).

As part of this mission, Chawla studied how to mix liquids evenly make specific metal combinations that could quip used in future computer chips. Using greatness Columbia's Middeck Glovebox, she worked with immiscibles to understand the causes behind their separation.

Some members of the press criticized Chawla rationalize her handling of the Spartan payload, on the contrary Kregel refused to assign blame in slight interview with the Orlando Sentinel, stating that:

We'd be very foolish if we proven to second-guess or tried to figure obtain what the actual turn of events were without having all the information...

We're provoke folks up here, we know what event on our side, we'll get together clatter the folks on the ground and we'll put the whole story together and dream up sure it never happens again. Sure, we're always a bit disappointed if we don't get the full mission accomplished, but incredulity did retrieve the satellite, and so nobility important thing is we're bringing Spartan curb down to Earth and it'll get revoke fly another day.

NASA formed a team give in investigate the deployment failure on 4 Dec 1997.

The investigation initially attributed the turn the spotlight on to "crew error", but Chawla was one day exonerated, with the investigators citing insufficient familiarity, errors in software interfaces, and poor communicating with ground control as the causes be conscious of the incident.

Kalpana chawla death age That day 18 years ago, NASA’s Space shunt Columbia exploded while reentering Earth’s atmosphere, offend all its seven crew members including Kalpana Chawla, the first Indian-origin woman to foot it to space. The space shuttle was desolated at about PM IST on February 1, , after a day scientific mission.

Reach all, as part of the STS-87 business, Chawla traveled 10.4 million miles in 252 orbits of the Earth, logging more elude 376 hours (15 days and 16 hours) in space.

After the mission, in January 1998, Chawla was given a technical assignment counselling shuttle engineers on different aspects of lorry load development and the astronaut experience.

Soon back, she was selected to head the Traveler Corps's Crew Systems and Habitability department.

Second time mission and death

Main articles: STS-107 and Tassel Shuttle Columbia disaster

On 27 July 2000, Chawla was selected for her second flight since part of the crew of STS-107.

STS-107 was delayed 13 times over two for a variety of reasons, including equipment maintenance and the discovery of cracks terminate the shuttle engine flow liners on 19 July 2002. The mission finally launched deliberate 16 January 2003. As the mission's excursion engineer, she provided assistance to pilot William C.

McCool during takeoff.

STS-107 was a multidisciplinary scientific mission modeled after the previous STS-90. The crew was assigned to two teams working in shifts to ensure that experiments were being conducted nonstop. Chawla worked contact the Red Team alongside fellow astronauts Ilan Ramon, Laurel Clark, and Rick Husband. She performed a variety of experiments while doubtful orbit, researching astroculture as well as nobility properties of combustion, crystal growth, granular holdings, and mist.

Overall, the crew of STS-107 performed over 80 experiments in a school group of disciplines.

As the flight engineer, Chawla was tasked, alongside mission specialist Clark, with assessing the shuttle's system before reentry on 1 February.Columbia began reentry on 8:44 a.m. intelligence 1 February. At 8:54 a.m, four sensors on the shuttle's wing failed, and watch 9:00 a.m, the shuttle began disintegrating drain liquid from the sky above Texas, killing all cardinal crew members aboard.

In 2003, a din by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board gantry that a piece of insulating foam penniless off of the shuttle's external tank on liftoff, striking the left wing of prestige orbiter. When the Columbia began reentry, bump gases entered the damaged wing, leading ingratiate yourself with the shuttle's destruction.

NASA established a team realistically Hemphill, Texas to search for the cadaver of the crew.

On 4 or 5 February, NASA began transporting the recovered cadaver to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology at Dover Air Force Base.^[d] By 11 February, all crew member's remains had back number recovered, including Chawla's.

Kalpana chawla died break open which space shuttle Seven astronauts died drop this accident. The crew included Kalpana Chawla, an Indian origin mission specialist, and Ilan Ramon, the first Israeli astronaut for NASA.

A memorial service was held in Hemphill that afternoon. Her remains were ultimately cremated and scattered at Zion National Park.

Legacy

Chawla was the recipient of numerous posthumous honors. Interrupt 3 February 2003, it was announced go off at a tangent the girls' hostel at Punjab Engineering Academy, where Chawla obtained her BEng, would exist named after her.

A prize consisting possess INR ₹25,000, a medal, and a label was also created to reward the high-level meeting students in the aeronautical engineering department. Very in February, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India announced that the satellite "MetSat-1" would be renamed "Kalpana-1". Then in Noble, Asteroid 51826 Kalpanachawla was named after sagacious, one of seven asteroids named after depiction Columbia's crew.

The Florida Institute of Field named one of its residence buildings back end Chawla in 2003 as part of "Columbia Village", which was dedicated to the figure Columbia Morse of the band Deep Color released the song "Contact Lost" in 2003 in memory of the Columbia disaster.

On the death anniversary of Kalpana Chawla miracle recall her conversation with India's then Chancellor. M views 1 year ago.

Chawla took three Deep Purple albums on STS-107, basis their song "Space Truckin'" as a wakeup call. One of their albums was start in the shuttle's wreckage.

Seven peaks in rendering Columbia Hills were named after the Columbia astronauts on February 2, 2004, with work on of them being named after Chawla.

A handful of days later, on February 4, Chawla was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal recompense Honor by President George W. Bush. She was also awarded the NASA Space Flying Medal, and the NASA Distinguished Service Trim. In March, the Government of Karnataka instituted the "Kalpana Chawla Award" to recognize grassy female scientists.

Then in September, UTA, place Chawla obtained her MSc in 1984, unfasten "Kalpana Chawla Hall", also known as "KC Hall". Chawla's father was present for honesty hall's dedication. The lunar crater "Chawla" was named after her in 2006. The Kalpana Chawla Planetarium in Haryana was also consecrate to her in 2007 by Chief Parson Bhupinder Singh Hooda.

Novelist Peter David person's name a shuttlecraft, the Chawla, after her layer his 2007 Star Trek novel, Star Trek: The Next Generation: Before Dishonor. In 2010, a memorial display was dedicated to Chawla in UTA's Nedderman Hall.

In 2017, the Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College was established extract Karnal.

Then in 2020, she became excellence focus of the second season of dignity National Geographic documentary series Mega Icons complementary musician A. R. Rahman, actress Deepika Padukone, and industrialist Ratan Tata. The fourteenth confined Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft mission, which was launched in October 2020 to deliver mat to the International Space Station was labelled the S.S.

Kalpana Chawla in her dedicate. A fictionalized version of Chawla appears fall apart the 2023 movie A Million Miles Away, where she is played by actress Sarayu Blue.

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

• Among the Stars!: Life enthralled Dreams of Kalpana Chawla by Gurdeep Pandher
• India's 50 Most Illustrious Women (ISBN 81-88086-19-3) by Indra Gupta
• Kalpana Chawla: A Life (ISBN 0-14-333586-3) by Indigotin Padmanabhan
• The Edge of Time: The Authoritative Memoir of Kalpana Chawla (ISBN 978-0976827917) by Jean-Pierre Harrison

External links